Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34697408›Full record

ReviewJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2022

Hazardous chemicals in outdoor and indoor surfaces: artificial turf and laminate flooring.

Maya Negev, Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki, Tamar Berman, Shay Reicher, Naor Cohen, Ruti Ardi, Yaniv Shammai, Tamar Zohar, Miriam L Diamond

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 30% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Maya NegevSchool of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel. mnegev@univ.haifa.ac.il.ORCID 0000-0002-5523-3210
Zohar Barnett-ItzhakiMinistry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem, 9446724, Israel.
Tamar BermanMinistry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem, 9446724, Israel.
Shay ReicherMinistry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem, 9446724, Israel.
Naor CohenThe Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon Street, Tel Aviv, 6997701, Israel.
Ruti ArdiThe Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon Street, Tel Aviv, 6997701, Israel.
Yaniv ShammaiThe Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon Street, Tel Aviv, 6997701, Israel.
Tamar ZoharSchool of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
Miriam L DiamondDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 3B1, ON, Canada.
Israel Ministry of Health · ILUniversity of Haifa · ILRuppin Academic Center · ILUniversity of Toronto · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSynthetic materials, increasingly used for indoor and outdoor surfaces including homes and playgrounds, may contain toxic chemicals. Infants have a higher potential of exposure to chemicals in these materials, which may pose a risk to their health.

objectiveTo understand potential risks related to outdoor surface coverings, based on a review of the literature and regulations, and to assess levels of hazardous chemicals in surface coverings in Israel.

methodsWe reviewed the literature and regulations on artificial turf. We tested 46 samples of surfaces for trace metals in synthetic playground surfaces; trace metals, phthalates, and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) in synthetic grass, and phthalates, DEHT and formaldehyde in laminate flooring.

resultsTwelve studies reporting high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and varying levels of trace metals in synthetic playground surfaces were identified, as well as five international regulations on lead with maximum acceptable concentrations in the range 40-500 mg/kg. Surface tests showed that 20 out of 30 samples of synthetic playground surfaces exceeded relevant standards for trace metals, of which five had cadmium levels ≥30 mg/kg and four had chromium levels ≥510 mg/kg. In synthetic grass, three out of eight samples exceeded relevant standards, with lead levels ≥1200 mg/kg. In Laminate flooring (n = 8) formaldehyde levels were in the range of 0.7-1.2 mg/m SIGNIFICANCE: The literature on chemicals in surfaces is limited, but indicates some exceedance of regulatory limits. Trace metals in synthetic playground surfaces and synthetic grass, not regulated in Israel, exceeded relevant international standards in 72% of samples. Laminate flooring, regulated for formaldehyde, did not exceed the 3.5 mg/m IMPACT STATEMENT: Synthetic surfaces are increasingly being used in, for example, children's playgrounds and sports fields. Exceedances of regulatory limits from other jurisdictions, of heavy metal levels in most outdoor surfaces sampled in Israel indicates the potential for children's exposure. Domestic regulations should be implemented to reduce the risk to children from exposure to these surfaces.

Indexed as

Hazardous SubstancesTrace ElementsChildEnvironmental ExposureFloors and FloorcoveringsFormaldehydeHumansInfantLeadFormaldehydeHazardous SubstancesLeadTrace ElementsArtificial turfLaminate flooringPhthalatesSynthetic grassSynthetic playground surfacesTrace metals.

Identifiers

PMID34697408
OpenAlexW3208322034

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.