SynthesisBMJ open2021
Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of diabetes, hypertension and obesity with COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2023Pooled it
- Global prevalence of COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Risk Factors Associated with Severity and Death from COVID-19 in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: an update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2023Pooled it
- Global prevalence and effect of comorbidities and smoking status on severity and mortality of COVID-19 in association with age and gender: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of bias and certainty of evidence on the association between obesity and mortality in patients with SARS-COV-2: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2023Pooled it
- Hypertension and mortality in SARS-COV-2 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies after 2 years of pandemic.European journal of internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Sex Differences and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Systematic Review.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisPooled it
- Adult vaccination coverage and missed preventive care opportunities among Filipino adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Among individuals who die of COVID-19, is the percentage who had diabetes actually higher than in those dying of other viral infections?Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Article
- Risk assessment for cardiovascular adverse drug events in the ICU: Case study on COVID-19 patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- Relationship between lifestyle: physical activity, diet, smoking, and the duration of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- COVID-19 symptoms associated with smoking and vaping tobacco and cannabis: A cross-sectional analysis.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Cancer incidence trends in Baden-Württemberg (Southwest Germany) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023).Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Admission Hyperglycemia as an Early Predictor of Severity and Poor Prognosis in COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Hospitalized Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Comparing patient-reported outcomes and lifestyle factors before and after the COVID-19 pandemic among Black and Hispanic breast cancer survivors in New Jersey.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2025Article
- Benchmarking progress in non-communicable diseases: a global analysis of cause-specific mortality from 2001 to 2019.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Article
- Changes in chronic disease prevention resources and activities in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Among COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Associations With Sociodemographic and Biological Factors in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Associations between previous local health expenditures and COVID-19 mortality outcomes large cities in the united states: results from a forward-selecting linear regression analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the association between diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI) or smoking with the risk of death in patients with COVID-19 and to estimate the proportion of deaths attributable to these conditions.
methodsRelevant observational studies were identified by searches in the PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase databases through 14 November 2020. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% CIs. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Cochrane methods and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework.
resultsA total of 186 studies representing 210 447 deaths among 1 304 587 patients with COVID-19 were included in this analysis. The SRR for death in patients with COVID-19 was 1.54 (95% CI 1.44 to 1.64, I
conclusionOur findings suggest that diabetes, hypertension, obesity and smoking were associated with higher COVID-19 mortality, contributing to nearly 30% of COVID-19 deaths. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020218115.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.