ReviewViruses2021
Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Type I IFN dynamics orchestrate protective ICAM1iScience · 2026Article
- Obesity-associated meta-inflammation alters influenza A antiviral responses in Göttingen minipigs.iScience · 2026Article
- Counteracting Influenza Virus Evolution Through the Full Spectrum of Broadly Protective Antibodies.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Immune cell disorder in viral pneumonia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Disease modulation by TIV vaccination during secondary pneumococcal infections in influenza-infected mice.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Accumulation of Quinolinic Acid Modulates the Pulmonary Immune Response During Influenza Infection.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2026Article
- The temporal sequence of influenza H1N1 andFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Rapid surge of reassortant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Danish swine and their zoonotic potential.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Chlorogenic acid mitigates acute respiratory distress syndrome via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway: an integrated analysis of bioinformatics and validation experiments.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Disease modulation by TIV vaccination during secondary pneumococcal infections in influenza-infected mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A chicken lncRNA is identified as a critical regulator that increases influenza virus replication by impairing innate antiviral responses.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Molecular and ecological determinants of mammalian adaptability in avian influenza virus.Infection · 2025Review
- Maladaptive trained immunity in viral infections.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- T Cell Responses to Influenza Infections in Cattle.Viruses · 2025Review
- Review
- Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells to Zoonotic DNA and RNA Viruses.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Pathogenesis Induced by Influenza Virus Infection: Role of the Early Events of the Infection and the Innate Immune Response.Viruses · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The innate immune system is the host's first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.