ReviewViruses2021
Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in neuroinflammation coordinate neuroimmune homeostasis and pathological progression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Isolation and Transcriptomic Characterization of Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus E138K Mutant Strain.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- MAVS signaling of long-lived brain-resident myeloid cells is needed during viral encephalitis to adjust the transcriptome of CNS infiltrating CD8Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Tearing down the house of mosquito-transmitted viruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- MAVS signaling shapes microglia responses to neurotropic virus infection.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- From Immunity to Neurogenesis: Toll-like Receptors as Versatile Regulators in the Nervous System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Editorial: The role of toll-like receptors and their related signaling pathways in viral infection and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Oncolytic Rodent Protoparvoviruses Evade a TLR- and RLR-Independent Antiviral Response in Transformed Cells.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Antiviral effect of melatonin on Japanese encephalitis virus infection involves inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in SH-SY5Y cells.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Model of Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms of Action, Research Application and Future Directions for Its Use.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Influences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Superresolution Algorithm-Based Transition Care on Prognosis of Children with Severe Viral Encephalitis.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a rare but serious syndrome. In addition to DNA-encoded herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, RNA-encoded viruses from the families of Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are important neurotropic viruses. Whereas in the periphery, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during immune stimulation is well understood, TLR functions within the CNS are less clear. On one hand, TLRs can affect the physiology of neurons during neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, whereas under conditions of infection, the complex interplay between TLR stimulated neurons, astrocytes and microglia is just on the verge of being understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about which TLRs are expressed by cell subsets of the CNS. Furthermore, we specifically highlight functional implications of TLR stimulation in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. After briefly illuminating some examples of viral evasion strategies from TLR signaling, we report on the current knowledge of primary immunodeficiencies in TLR signaling and their consequences for viral encephalitis. Finally, we provide an outlook with examples of TLR agonist mediated intervention strategies and potentiation of vaccine responses against neurotropic virus infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.