ArticleViruses2021
Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014-2020.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Risk Factors Associated With Secondary Measles Transmission in Index Cases.Journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Sustaining herd immunity against measles: Insights from a serological cohort study in an outbreak-free population.Infection · 2026Article
- Estimates of vaccine effectiveness against measles and mumps: 14 years follow-up of a large cohort in Wales, UK.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Measles - retrospective study of cases reported in a national notification system, Czech Republic, 2018-2024.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of measles immunity in the central black sea region of Türkiye.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Whole-genome sequencing reveals a previously unrecognized measles virus cluster in Burundi.PloS one · 2026Article
- Incidence and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Measles in the Republic of Korea Following Elimination Verification (2014-2025).Public health weekly report · 2026Article
- The Effects of Vaccination Status and Age on Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Measles Cases in the United States in the Postelimination Era, 2001-2022.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Impact of genotypic variability of measles virus T-cell epitopes on vaccine-induced T-cell immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunological landscape of human lymphoid explants during measles virus infection.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Breakthrough Measles among Vaccinated Adults Born during the Post-Soviet Transition Period in Mongolia.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Increase in measles cases in a City hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.Central European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Adapting response to a measles outbreak in a context of high vaccination and breakthrough cases: an example from Vaud, Switzerland, January to March 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- The decline of measles antibody titers in previously vaccinated adults: a cross-sectional analysis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Article
- Article
- Demographical, clinical, and complication differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated hospitalized children with measles in mogadishu somalia: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- An interregional measles outbreak in Spain with nosocomial transmission, November 2017 to July 2018.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- Utility of MF-non coding region for measles molecular surveillance during post-elimination phase, Spain, 2017-2020.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Disease Progression, Clinical Features, and Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Unvaccinated Children and Adolescents with Measles: A Re-Emerging Disease in Romania.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The MMR vaccination program was introduced in Spain in 1981. Consistently high vaccination coverage has led to Spain being declared free of endemic measles transmission since 2014. A few imported and import-related cases were reported during the post-elimination phase (2014 to 2020), with very low incidence: three cases per million of inhabitants a year, 70% in adults. In the post-elimination phase an increasing proportion of measles appeared in two-dose vaccinated individuals (up to 14%), posing a challenge to surveillance and laboratory investigations. Severity and clinical presentation were milder among the vaccinated. The IgM response varied and the viral load decreased, making the virus more difficult to detect. A valid set of samples (serum, urine and throat swab) is strongly recommended for accurate case classification. One third of measles in fully vaccinated people was contracted in healthcare settings, mainly in doctors and nurses, consistent with the important role of high intensity exposure in measles breakthrough cases. Surveillance protocols and laboratory algorithms should be adapted in advanced elimination settings. Reinforcing the immunity of people working in high exposure environments, such as healthcare settings, and implementing additional infection control measures, such as masking and social distancing, are becoming crucial for the global aim of measles eradication.
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Registered trials
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