ArticleViruses2021
IgG Antibodies Develop to Spike but Not to the Nucleocapsid Viral Protein in Many Asymptomatic and Light COVID-19 Cases.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hidden asymptomatic breakthrough infection in a proof-of-concept longitudinal study on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Three Doses and Six Months Later: Real-World SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children With Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Observational
- Development of a Novel Homogeneous Liposome-Based One-Step Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection in Human Serum Based on Fluorescent Liposomes and Complement Activity.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Differential immune profiles in elderly patients with non-severe versus severe SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection: dysregulation of antibody responses and B-cell subsets.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Multiplex Magnetic Biosensor Microarrays Facilitate Personalized Vaccination Schedules for SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Biochip journal · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Nucleocapsid Antibodies as an Optimal Serological Marker of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Longitudinal Study at the Thomayer University Hospital.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Article
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- Persistence of antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines among participants in the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- The changing profile of SARS-CoV-2 serology in Irish blood donors.Global epidemiology · 2023Article
- Development of a Multispecies Double-Antigen Sandwich ELISA Using N and RBD Proteins to Detect Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Development of an Affordable ELISA Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Its Application to Samples from the Ongoing COVID-19 Epidemic in Ghana.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2023Article
- Rapid, early, and potent Spike-directed IgG, IgM, and IgA distinguish asymptomatic from mildly symptomatic COVID-19 in Uganda, with IgG persisting for 28 months.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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- Cross-Reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid-Binding Antibodies and Its Implication for COVID-19 Serology Tests.Viruses · 2022Article
- Usefulness and Limitations of Anti-S IgG Assay in Detecting Previous SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection in Fully Vaccinated Healthcare Workers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Sputnik V Vaccines Induce Comparable Immune Responses on a Par With Severe Course of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in individual patients and at the population level.PloS one · 2022Article
- Differences in systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in a prospective cohort of Dutch children.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 appeared in late 2019, many studies on the immune response to COVID-19 have been conducted, but the asymptomatic or light symptom cases were somewhat understudied as respective individuals often did not seek medical help. Here, we analyze the production of the IgG antibodies to viral nucleocapsid (N) protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and assess the serum neutralization capabilities in a cohort of patients with different levels of disease severity. In half of light or asymptomatic cases the antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein, which serve as the main target in many modern test systems, were not detected. They were detected in all cases of moderate or severe symptoms, and severe lung lesions correlated with respective higher signals. Antibodies to RBD were present in the absolute majority of samples, with levels being sometimes higher in light symptom cases. We thus suggest that the anti-RBD/anti-N antibody ratio may serve as an indicator of the disease severity. Anti-RBD IgG remained detectable after a year or more since the infection, even with a slight tendency to raise over time, and the respective signal correlated with the serum capacity to inhibit the RBD interaction with the ACE-2 receptor.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.