ReviewVaccines2021
Reinfections in COVID-19 Patients: Impact of Virus Genetic Variability and Host Immunity.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 : A Target Trial Emulation Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2023Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 lineages and naso-oropharyngeal bacterial communities in COVID-19 reinfection: A study in West Java, Indonesia.Narra J · 2025Article
- Characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 reinfection in Hong Kong: a retrospective cohort study.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Safety and efficiency of COVID-19 vaccine in North Africa.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised host: convalescent plasma therapy and viral evolution elucidated by whole genome sequencing.BMJ case reports · 2023Article
- Assessing Stress and Anxiety in Firefighters During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Comparative Adaptation of the Stress and Anxiety in the Viral Epidemic-9 Items and Stress and Anxiety in the Viral Epidemics-6 Items Scales.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: analysis of 35,000 subjects and overview of systematic reviews.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Assessment of the Humoral Immune Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers: A One Year Longitudinal Study.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity.Environmental research · 2022Review
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in children: a prospective national surveillance study between January, 2020, and July, 2021, in England.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2022Article
- Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA-booster elicits strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Disease severity during SARS-COV-2 reinfection: a nationwide study.The Journal of infection · 2022Article
- Oral antivirals for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.AIDS reviews · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Effects of vaccination, new SARS-CoV-2 variants and reinfections on post-COVID-19 complications.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is still posing a devastating threat to social life and economics. Despite the modest decrease in the number of cases during September-November 2020, the number of active cases is on the rise again. This increase was associated with the emergence and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), such as the U.K. (B1.1.7), South Africa (B1.351), Brazil (P1), and Indian (B1.617.2) strains. The rapid spread of these new variants has raised concerns about the multiple waves of infections and the effectiveness of available vaccines. In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates in previously infected and vaccinated individuals in relation to humoral responses. Overall, a limited number of reinfection cases have been reported worldwide, suggesting long protective immunity. Most reinfected patients were asymptomatic during the second episode of infection. Reinfection was attributed to several viral and/or host factors, including (i) underlying immunological comorbidities; (ii) low antibody titers due to the primary infection or vaccination; (iii) rapid decline in antibody response after infection or vaccination; and (iv) reinfection with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant/lineage. Infections after vaccination were also reported on several occasions, but mostly associated with mild or no symptoms. Overall, findings suggest that infection- and vaccine-induced immunity would protect from severe illness, with the vaccine being effective against most VOCs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.