ReviewVaccines2021
The Effects of Heterologous Immunization with Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG following injection of the third dose vaccine: A systematic review with meta-analysis of heterologous versus homologous vaccination.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Modeling of antibody waning after heterologous boosting with Ad5-nCoV in individuals primed with two-dose CoronaVac previously.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Long-term immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 following homologous and heterologous mRNA and MVA vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Quantification of the IgG antibody response half-life for hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Heterologous Vaccination Using Virus-Like Particles and Vaccinia Virus Containing MIC8 and AMA1 Proteins ofVaccines · 2025Article
- Challenges and Innovations in Pharmacovigilance and Signal Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Industry Perspective.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination drives stromal activation and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Safety and Autoimmune Response.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Development of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike variants for the assessment of neutralizing antibodies.Bioanalysis · 2024Article
- Article
- Dynamics of Antibody Responses after Asymptomatic and Mild to Moderate SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Real-World Data in a Resource-Limited Country.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Breakthrough infections, hospital admissions, and mortality after major COVID-19 vaccination profiles: A prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2023Article
- Alum/CpG Adjuvanted Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine with Protective Efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Immunogenicity and safety of homologous and heterologous ChAdOx1-S and mRNA-1273 vaccinations in healthy adults in Taiwan.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2022Article
- Dynamic of humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 anti-Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins after CoronaVac vaccination.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Neutralization heterogeneity of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants to sera elicited by a vaccinee or convalescent.Future virology · 2022Review
- Review
- Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with COVID-19 vaccine.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become the global challenge. Reaching global herd immunity will help end the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccine shortage and vaccine hesitancy are the obstacles to achieve global herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2. The current homologous vaccine regimen is experimentally switching to heterologous vaccination at several study sites. However, the reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1-S and mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is still unclear. We have conducted a systematic review to summarize the current findings on the safety and immunogenicity of this heterologous vaccination and elucidate their implications against SARS-CoV-2. This systematic review was conducted by the guidelines of PRISMA. Articles were searched from PubMed and other sources (MedRixv and Google scholar) starting from 1 January to 5 September 2021. The search term was heterologous ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination. Our review found that participants with ChAdOx1/BNT162b2, ChAdOx1-S/mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2/ChAdOx1-S did not have the serious adverse events seen with homologous vaccination. Participants with the heterologous regimen (ChAdOx1/BNT162b2, ChAdOx1-S/mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2/ChAdOx1-S), compared with those with two doses of ChAdOx1-S, have shown a more robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, such as higher levels of responsive antibodies or increased numbers of spike-specific T-cells. Nevertheless, these immune responses were slightly diminished in the recipients of BNT162b2/ChAdOx1-S. Also, the safety study of heterologous ChAdOx1-S/mRNA vaccination was based on small populations. Further studies to enclose diverse categories, such as race/ethnicity or geography, may be necessary. Overall, the heterologous immunization with ChAdOX1-S and the mRNA vaccine may improve the vaccine shortage related slow pace of reaching herd immunity, especially using the heterologous immunization with ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.