ArticleVaccines2021
RETRACTED: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 83 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in Indian context: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pathogens and global health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 in the homeless population: a scoping review and meta-analysis examining differences in prevalence, presentation, vaccine hesitancy and government response in the first year of the pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of oral small molecule drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Improving the adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in the community: Evidence brief for policy.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Chinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Historical perspectives in medical humanities: two views on vaccination during the plague pandemic in Calcutta.Monash bioethics review · 2026Article
- Article
- Attitudes and acceptance of mRNA-based vaccine for neglected tropical diseases: A multi-country study in Asia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine and its association with vaccine information and misinformation in Malawi.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: space-time approach of cases, deaths, and vaccination coverage (February 2020 - April 2024).BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Building confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine in a polio-endemic country: strategic communication lessons from Pakistan.BMJ global health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Workers: A Phenomenological Study of Skepticism.Cureus · 2024Article
- A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Meghalaya, India: Multiple correspondence and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and AL Amyloidosis: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study from India.Indian journal of hematology & blood transfusion : an official journal of Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion · 2024Article
- Article
- Polyfunctional CD4 T-cells correlating with neutralising antibody is a hallmark of COVISHIELDNPJ vaccines · 2023Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-05-08Concerns/Issues about Data · Euphemisms for Plagiarism · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Objections by Author(s) · Plagiarism of/in Article · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization has recommended that individual governments identify vaccine hesitancy areas. It is proposed that the governments, with the aid of local organizations, educate and implement social insights on the vaccination so that high population levels are covered with this safe immune program.
methodsA longitudinal online survey covered 3000 adults from India. We examined the demography, behavioral (socio-economic) attitude, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine resistance for the COVID-19 vaccine. The specific reasons for the COVID-19 vaccine decline were also evaluated.
resultsOur survey revealed 59% definite response, 29% low-level response, and 7% high-level response for vaccine hesitancy, while 6% had resistant views on the COVID-19 vaccine. Individuals who had higher income levels, lived in a society, maintained social distancing, had downloaded the COVID-19 update app, showed a positive attitude towards their government, and more confidence in their healthcare system were more inclined towards the vaccination. On the contrary, individuals who had overstated the risks of COVID-19 and had a religious and populistic attitude towards vaccination were more hesitant/resistant to vaccination. The respondents who declined vaccine administration were further evaluated for their specific reason for their response. The most common reasons for declining the COVID-19 vaccine were post-vaccine scare of adverse health effects and accepting the information spread by social media.
conclusionsThe results in our study show that by identifying population "hot spots" that have negative or unclear information on the COVID-19 vaccination, these "hot spots" can be addressed by involving friendly organizations that can clear their strong disbeliefs and increase the percentage of vaccine-definite people within the population. The role of government-induced COVID-19 vaccine policy measures can always be beneficial to cause this shift from disbelief to confidence within the population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.