ArticlePublic health nutrition2022
Dietary sodium estimation methods: accuracy and limitations of old and new methods in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Daily Sodium Intake Based on Random Urinary Excretion in Children Aged 6-24 Months and Associated Risk Factors.Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Multiomics Analysis of a Micronutrient-Rich Dietary Pattern and the Aging Genotype 9p21 on the Plasma Proteome of Young Adults.Nutrients · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAccurate and easy to use methods for dietary Na intake estimation in population level are lacking. We aimed at (i) estimating the mean Na intake in the group level using a variety of dietary methods (DM) and urinary methods (UM) and correlating them with 24-h urine collection (24UCol) and (ii) improving the accuracy of the existing DM.
designThe most common DM (three 24-h dietary recalls (24DR) and FFQ) and UM (24UCol and spot urine collection using common equations) were applied. To improve the existing: (i) 24DR, discretionary Na was quantified using salt-related questions or adding extra 15 % in total Na intake and (ii) FFQ, food items rich in Na and salt-related questions were added in the standard questionnaire (NaFFQ).
settingNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
participantsTotally, 122 high cardiovascular risk subjects (56·0 ± 12·6 years; 55·7 % males).
resultsMean 24 h Na excretion (24UNa) was 2810 ± 1304 mg/d. Spot urine methods overestimated the 24UNa (bias range: -1781 to -492 mg) and were moderately correlated to 24UCol (r = 0·469-0·596, P ≤ 0·01). DM underestimated the 24UNa (bias range: 877 to 1212 mg) and were weakly correlated with 24UCol. The improved DM underestimated the 24UNa (bias range: 877 to 923 mg). The NaFFQ presented the smallest bias (-290 ± 1336 mg) and the strongest correlation with 24UCol (r = 0·497, P ≤ 0·01), but wide limits of agreement in Bland-Altman plots (-2909 mg; 2329 mg), like all the other methods did.
conclusionsThe existing methods exhibit poor accuracy. Further improvement of the newly developed NaFFQ could be promising for more accurate estimation of mean dietary Na intake in epidemiological studies. Additional validation studies are needed.
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