ArticleLaryngoscope investigative otolaryngology2021
Three dimensional printing of a low-cost middle-ear training model for surgical management of otosclerosis.
Article in Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- A hybrid 3D-printed temporal bone simulator with simulated bleeding for otologic training.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Ear Surgery Training: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- A Novel 3D Printed Multi-Material Simulator for Endoscopic Stapes Surgery: The "3D Stapes Trainer".The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- The SAPIENS 3D-printed temporal bone model: a real tool for advanced otologic surgery education.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- A new 3D-printed temporal bone: 'the SAPIENS'-specific anatomical printed-3D-model in education and new surgical simulations.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- Three dimensional printing of a low-cost middle-ear training model for surgical management of otosclerosis.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSurgical management of otosclerosis is technically challenging with studies demonstrating that outcomes are commensurate with surgical experience. Moreover, experts apply less force on the ossicular chain during prosthesis placement than their novice counterparts. Given the predicted decreasing patient pool and the rising cost of human temporal bone specimens it has become more challenging for trainees to receive adequate intraoperative or laboratory-based experience in this procedure. As such, there is a need for a low-cost training model for the procedure. Here we describe such a model.
methodsA surgical model of the middle ear was designed using computer aided design (CAD) software. The model consists of four components, the superior three dimensional (3D)-printed component representing the external auditory canal, a 90° torsion spring representing the incus, a 3D-printed base with a stapedotomy underlying the torsion spring, and a 3D-printed phone holder to facilitate video-recording of trials and subsequent calculation of the force applied on the modeled incus. Force applied on the incus is calculated based on Hooke's Law from post-trial computer-vision analysis of recorded video following experimental determination of the spring constant of the modeled incus.
resultsThe described model was manufactured with a total cost of $56.50. The spring constant was experimentally determined to be 97.0 mN mm/deg, resulting in an ability to detect force applied to the modeled incus across a range of 1.2 to 5200 mN.
conclusionsWe have created a low-cost middle-ear training model with measurable objective performance outcomes. The range of detectable force exceeds expected values for the task.Level of Evidence: IV.
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