ReviewFrontiers in plant science2021
How to Measure Grana - Ultrastructural Features of Thylakoid Membranes of Plant Chloroplasts.
Review in Frontiers in plant science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Specific light-harvesting complexes mediate grana stacking and prevent energy spillover between photosystems in plant chloroplasts.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- Tomato Leaf Color Diversity as a Functional Trait: Molecular Mechanisms, Physiological Significance, and Environmental Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The MsZFP1-MsWRKY40-MsWRKY41 module efficiently regulates LHCII biogenesis via ABA-dependent manner in alfalfa.Science advances · 2026Article
- What are grana in chloroplasts of vascular plants good for?Annals of botany · 2026Review
- Thylakoids reorganization enables driving photosynthesis under far-red light in the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- A model-guided alternating high-temperature thermotherapy achieves complete eradication of sugarcane mosaic virus and preserves physiological integrity inFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Thylakostasis: key factors in thylakoid membrane organization with emphasis on biogenesis and remodeling proteins in vascular plants.Plant & cell physiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Too dim, too bright, and just right: Systems analysis of the Chlamydomonas diurnal program under limiting and excess light.The Plant cell · 2025Article
- Shrink or expand? Just relax! Bidirectional grana structural dynamics as early light-induced regulator of photosynthesis.The New phytologist · 2025Article
- GRANA: An AI-based tool for accelerating chloroplast grana nanomorphology analysis using hybrid intelligence.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- The Soil-Plant Continuity of Rare Earth Elements: Insights into an Enigmatic Class of Xenobiotics and Their Interactions with Plant Structures and Processes.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Defining the heterogeneous composition of Arabidopsis thylakoid membrane.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Structure, biogenesis, and evolution of thylakoid membranes.The Plant cell · 2024Review
- Regulation of Microalgal Photosynthetic Electron Transfer.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Light-independent pathway of STN7 kinase activation under low temperature stress in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.).BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Thylakoid ultrastructural variations in chlorophyll-deficient wheat: aberrations or structural acclimation?Planta · 2024Article
- Development of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based method for targeted glycerolipidome profiling of microalgae.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granum is a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts. It is composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical shape. Grana membranes are composed of lipids and tightly packed pigment-protein complexes whose primary role is the catalysis of photosynthetic light reactions. These membranes are highly dynamic structures capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions by fine-tuning photochemical efficiency, manifested by the structural reorganization of grana stacks. Due to a nanometer length scale of the structural granum features, the application of high-resolution electron microscopic techniques is essential for a detailed analysis of the granum architecture. This mini-review overviews recent approaches to quantitative grana structure analyses from electron microscopy data, highlighting the basic manual measurements and semi-automated workflows. We outline and define structural parameters used by different authors, for instance, granum height and diameter, thylakoid thickness, end-membrane length, Stacking Repeat Distance, and Granum Lateral Irregularity. This article also presents insights into efficient and effective measurements of grana stacks visualized on 2D micrographs. The information on how to correctly interpret obtained data, taking into account the 3D nature of grana stacks projected onto 2D space of electron micrograph, is also given. Grana ultrastructural observations reveal key features of this intriguing membrane arrangement, broadening our knowledge of the thylakoid network's remarkable plasticity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.