ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Safety, Immunogenicity, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Healthy Pregnant Women and Children Under 5 Years: An Evidence-Based Clinical Review.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quadrivalent Vaccines for the Immunization of Adults against Influenza: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Global vaccine development.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Association between seasonal influenza vaccination and neonatal outcomes in Shanghai, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Influenza vaccination in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis under different treatments: safety and immune response.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2025Article
- Differences in routine childhood immunization uptake between single and multiple healthcare facility use: the Kochi Adjunct Study of Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis of Viral SARI in Pregnant Women in Southern Brazil.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Confronting Health Misinformation Surrounding COVID-19 Vaccines in the State of Florida.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Pregnancy Status at the Time of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination and Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Current Advances in Zika Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine platforms: how novel platforms can prepare us for future pandemics: a narrative review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2022Article
- Article
- Influenza-associated severe acute respiratory infections among children under five years old in Morocco, September 2017 to March 2019.Le infezioni in medicina · 2022Article
- Effects of Vaccination Against Influenza, Pertussis, and COVID-19 on Human Milk Antibodies: Current Evidence and Implications for Health Equity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Correlating the Socio-Economic Burden of Influenza Infections and the Cost-Benefit of Vaccination in Paediatric Populations.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is often recommended for pregnant women and young children to reduce the risk of severe influenza. However, most studies investigating the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccines are conducted in healthy adults. In this evidence-based clinical review, we provide an update on the safety profile, immunogenicity, and efficacy/effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) in healthy pregnant women and children <5 years old. Six electronic databases were searched until May 27, 2021. We identified 3,731 articles, of which 93 met the eligibility criteria and were included. The IIVs were generally well tolerated in pregnant women and young children, with low frequencies of adverse events following IIV administration; however, continuous vaccine safety monitoring systems are necessary to detect rare adverse events. IIVs generated good antibody responses, and the seroprotection rates after IIVs were moderate to high in pregnant women (range = 65%-96%) and young children (range = 50%-100%), varying between the different influenza types/subtypes and seasons. Studies show vaccine efficacy/effectiveness values of 50%-70% in pregnant women and 20%-90% in young children against lab-confirmed influenza, although the efficacy/effectiveness depended on the study design, host factors, vaccine type, manufacturing practices, and the antigenic match/mismatch between the influenza vaccine strains and the circulating strains. Current evidence suggests that the benefits of IIVs far outweigh the potential risks and that IIVs should be recommended for pregnant women and young children.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.