SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2021
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Inpatient Mortality Associated With Nosocomial and Community COVID-19 Exposes the Vulnerability of Immunosuppressed Adults.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of recent COVID-19 infection on liver and kidney transplantation - a worldwide meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Microbial Contamination of Radiology Equipment: A Descriptive Study in Ghana.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Global prevalence and determinants of hospital-acquired COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Role of Treatment with Remdesivir on the Early Readmission of Patients Affected by Nosocomial Coronavirus Disease 2019.Infection & chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Unraveling relevant cross-waves pattern drifts in patient-hospital risk factors among hospitalized COVID-19 patients using explainable machine learning methods.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- [Understanding vaccination behavior of healthcare workers in German hospitals-results from the OKaPII study].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- Hospital-borne hazardous air pollutants and air cleaning strategies amid the surge of SARS-CoV-2 new variants.Heliyon · 2024Review
- COVID-19 seroprevalence cohort survey among health care workers and their household members in Kinshasa, DR Congo, 2020-2022.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- In Support of Universal Admission Testing for SARS-CoV-2 During Significant Community Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Evolution of illness severity in hospital admissions due to COVID-19, Québec, Canada, January to April 2022.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2024Article
- Comparison of clinical outcomes over time of inpatients with healthcare-associated or community-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, prospective cohort study.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Observational
- Trends in SARS-CoV-2-related pediatric hospitalizations reported to the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program, March 2020 to December 2022.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Nosocomial Coronavirus Disease 2019 during 2020-2021: Role of Architecture and Ventilation.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Randomized trial of the safety and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAb in the treatment of patients with nosocomial COVID-19 (CATCO-NOS).Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2023Article
- Nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Mortality During Unique COVID-19 Epidemic Waves.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Regional Variations in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality in Japan: An Ecological Study.JMA journal · 2023Article
- Rationale for the shielding policy for clinically vulnerable people in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2023Review
- Observational
- Standard precautions should include 'safe ventilation' to minimise far-afield airborne transmission in health and social care settings.Infection, disease & health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the mortality of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) COVID-19 infection globally. We investigated the risk of mortality and critical care admission in hospitalised adults with nosocomial COVID-19, relative to adults requiring hospitalisation due to community-acquired infection. Methods: We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed and pre-print literature from 1/1/2020 to 9/2/2021 without language restriction for studies reporting outcomes of nosocomial and community-acquired COVID-19. We performed a random effects meta-analysis (MA) to estimate the 1) relative risk of death and 2) critical care admission, stratifying studies by patient cohort characteristics and nosocomial case definition. Results: 21 studies were included in the primary MA, describing 8,251 admissions across 8 countries during the first wave, comprising 1513 probable or definite nosocomial COVID-19, and 6738 community-acquired cases. Across all studies, the risk of mortality was 1.3 times greater in patients with nosocomial infection, compared to community-acquired (95% CI: 1.005 to 1.683). Rates of critical care admission were similar between groups (Relative Risk, RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.08). Immunosuppressed patients diagnosed with nosocomial COVID-19 were twice as likely to die in hospital as those admitted with community-acquired infection (RR=2.14, 95% CI: 1.76 to 2.61). Conclusions: Adults who acquire SARS-CoV-2 whilst already hospitalised are at greater risk of mortality compared to patients admitted following community-acquired infection; this finding is largely driven by a substantially increased risk of death in individuals with malignancy or who had undergone transplantation. These findings inform public health and infection control policy and argue for individualised clinical interventions to combat the threat of nosocomial COVID-19, particularly for immunosuppressed groups. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021249023.
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