ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distinct epithelial and antiviral airway states in pediatric refractory asthma and rhinovirus-associated exacerbation.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- Programmed Cell Death in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.Clinical and translational allergy · 2026Review
- Epidemiological Characteristics and Co-Detection Patterns of Rhinovirus (A/B/C) and Influenza A Virus in a Regional Respiratory Cohort in Hunan, China.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Cross-protective immunity elicited by heterologous DNA prime/subunit or adenovirus boost regimens against bovine viral diarrhea virus.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- rhinotypeR enables reproducible rhinovirus genotype assignment from VP4/2 sequences.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of metabolic syndrome on pulmonary infection in pediatric bronchial asthma: a narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The role of virus in nasal inflammation.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Unraveling the mechanisms of virus-induced asthma exacerbation: epithelial injury, immune dysregulation, and novel interventions.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- Development of an acute lung injury model for drug testing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Unveiling the prevalence and impact of silent rhinovirus infection in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2025Article
- Protective effect of interferon type I on barrier function of human airway epithelium during rhinovirus infections in vitro.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Epigenetic training of human bronchial epithelium cells by repeated rhinovirus infections.Allergy · 2024Article
- Human rhinovirus 16 induces an ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 axis to modulate macrophage functions.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Membrane lipid composition of bronchial epithelial cells influences antiviral responses during rhinovirus infection.Tissue barriers · 2024Article
- ARL5b inhibits human rhinovirus 16 propagation and impairs macrophage-mediated bacterial clearance.EMBO reports · 2024Article
- Immunotherapeutic implications on targeting the cytokines produced in rhinovirus-induced immunoreactions.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Development of systemic and mucosal immune responses against gut microbiota in early life and implications for the onset of allergies.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Atopic March or Atopic Multimorbidity-Overview of Current Research.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Poly I:C Pre-Treatment Induced the Anti-Viral Interferon Response in Airway Epithelial Cells.Viruses · 2023Article
- Asthma and COVID-19: a controversial relationship.Virology journal · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The majority of asthma exacerbations in children are caused by Rhinovirus (RV), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of the Picornavirus family. The host has developed virus defense mechanisms that are mediated by the upregulation of interferon-activated signaling. However, the virus evades the immune system by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and surface molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) on immunocompetent cells. Initially, RV infects epithelial cells, which constitute a physiologic mucosal barrier. Upon virus entrance, the host cell immediately recognizes viral components like dsRNA, ssRNA, viral glycoproteins or CpG-DNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 8 within the endosome and through MDA-5 and RIG-I in the cytosol leads to the production of interferon (IFN) type I and other antiviral agents. Every cell type expresses IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors thus allowing a generalized antiviral activity of IFN type I resulting in the inhibition of viral replication in infected cells and preventing viral spread to non-infected cells. Among immune evasion mechanisms of the virus, there is downregulation of IFN type I and its receptor as well as induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β promotes viral replication and is associated with induction of the immunosuppression signature markers LAP3, IDO and PD-L1. This article reviews the recent advances on the regulation of interferon type I expression in association with RV infection in asthmatics and the immunosuppression induced by the virus.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.