ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2021
Vaccine Development Against Tuberculosis Over the Last 140 Years: Failure as Part of Success.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Research Advances for Virus-vectored Tuberculosis Vaccines and Latest Findings on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- BCG vaccination in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan: Current status and future perspectives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Construction and characterization of novelInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Navigating Tuberculosis in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Maternal and Neonatal Considerations.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Editorial: Vaccines and molecular therapeutics for tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Inactivated mycobacterium paragordonae delivered via microneedle patches as a novel tuberculosis booster vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Cytolytic γδ T-cells and IFNγ-producing CD4-lymphocytes characterise the early response to MTBVAC tuberculosis vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutic drug: challenges and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- BAFF and APRIL immunotherapy following Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination enhances protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis prevention: current strategies and future directions.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2024Review
- Review
- Review
- Whole blood RNA signatures in tuberculosis patients receiving H56:IC31 vaccine as adjunctive therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis-success and challenges.NPJ vaccines · 2023Review
- A half-century of research on tuberculosis: Successes and challenges.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- The Use of Particulate Systems for Tuberculosis Prophylaxis and Treatment: Opportunities and Challenges.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Review
- Synthesis of plant-based, self-adjuvanted, dual antigen specific to Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a novel tuberculosis subunit vaccine that elicits immunogenicity in rabbit.Biotechnology letters · 2023Article
- Safety and Immunogenicity of RecombinantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A comprehensive approach to developing a multi-epitope vaccine againstFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The year 2020 was shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic which killed more people than any other infectious disease in this particular year. At the same time, the development of highly efficacious COVID-19 vaccines within less than a year raises hope that this threat can be tamed in the near future. For the last 200 years, the agent of tuberculosis (TB) has been the worst killer amongst all pathogens. Although a vaccine has been available for 100 years, TB remains a substantial threat. The TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has saved tens of millions of lives since its deployment. It was the best and only choice available amongst many attempts to develop efficacious vaccines and all competitors, be they subunit vaccines, viable vaccines or killed whole cell vaccines have failed. Yet, BCG is insufficient. The last decades have witnessed a reawakening of novel vaccine approaches based on deeper insights into immunity underlying TB and BCG immunization. In addition, technical advances in molecular genetics and the design of viral vectors and adjuvants have facilitated TB vaccine development. This treatise discusses firstly early TB vaccine developments leading to BCG as the sole preventive measure which stood the test of time, but failed to significantly contribute to TB control and secondly more recent attempts to develop novel vaccines are described that focus on the genetically modified BCG-based vaccine VPM1002, which has become the frontrunner amongst viable TB vaccine candidates. It is hoped that highly efficacious vaccines against TB will become available even though it remains unclear whether and when this ambition can be accomplished. None the less it is clear that the goal of reducing TB morbidity and mortality by 90% or 95%, respectively, by 2030 as proposed by the World Health Organization depends significantly on better vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.