ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2022
Explaining ethnic variations in adolescent mental health: a secondary analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between ethnicity and mental health problems among children and adolescents in the United Kingdom: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Investigating the toll of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage on adolescent mental health in three UK cohorts.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences With Health-Related Quality of Life and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Among Adolescents in the United Kingdom: Findings From Two General Population Cohorts.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Article
- Global Trends in Adolescent Health Inequalities and Their Social Determinants: A Bibliometric and Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Ethnic and income-related inequalities in mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Bradford, UK.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Socio-demographic variation in diagnosis of and prescribing for common mental illnesses among children and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic: time series analysis of primary care electronic health records.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Impact of poverty and adversity on perceived family support in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Interpersonal violence and mental health: new findings and paradigms for enduring problems.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2023Article
- A community-based approach to identifying and prioritising young people's mental health needs in their local communities.Research involvement and engagement · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe relationship between ethnicity and adolescent mental health was investigated using cross-sectional data from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort Study.
methodsParental Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire reports identified mental health problems in 10,357 young people aged 14 (n = 2042 from ethnic minority backgrounds: Mixed n = 492, Indian n = 275, Pakistani n = 496, Bangladeshi n = 221, Black Caribbean n = 102, Black African n = 187, Other Ethnic Group n = 269). Univariable logistic regression models investigated associations between each factor and outcome; a bivariable model investigated whether household income explained differences by ethnicity, and a multivariable model additionally adjusted for factors of social support (self-assessed support, parental relationship), participation (socialising, organised activities, religious attendance), and adversity (bullying, victimisation, substance use). Results were stratified by sex as evidence of a sex/ethnicity interaction was found (P = 0.0002).
resultsThere were lower unadjusted odds for mental health problems in boys from Black African (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.61) and Indian backgrounds (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.86) compared to White peers. After adjustment for income, odds were lower in boys from Black African (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.38), Indian (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21-0.77), and Pakistani (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.89) backgrounds, and girls from Bangladeshi (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.65) and Pakistani (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.99) backgrounds. After further adjustment for social support, participation, and adversity factors, only boys from a Black African background had lower odds (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.71) of mental health problems.
conclusionsHousehold income confounded lower prevalence of mental health problems in some young people from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds; findings suggest ethnic differences are partly but not fully accounted for by income, social support, participation, and adversity. Addressing income inequalities and socially focused interventions may protect against mental health problems irrespective of ethnicity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.