ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2021
Higher Global Diet Quality Score Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Women.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Feasibility and implementation of a grocery shopping intervention for adults diagnosed with or at-risk for type 2 diabetes.Public health nutrition · 2023Trial
- Association Between Diet Quality and 20-Year Heart Failure Incidence: Findings from the ATTICA Cohort Study (2002-2022).Nutrients · 2026Article
- Food-based healthy diet metrics, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adults Health (ELSA-Brasil): a prospective study of over 12 000 Brazilians.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Cubes and playdough are feasible and acceptable methods to estimate food group intake with the Global Diet Quality Score app.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Global diet quality score and risk of hypertension in Iranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- The global diet quality score in children and adolescents and incidence of metabolic syndrome in later years of life: Tehran lipid and glucose study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- The association between global diet quality index with novel cardiovascular risk factors and problem areas in diabetes scale (PAID) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- How Are Global Diet Quality Scores at 9 Years Associated With Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in Early Adolescence in Mysore, India?Nutrition reviews · 2025Article
- The global diet quality score (GDQS) of foods consumed by Nigerian adults.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- The association between global and prime diet quality scores and the risk of bacterial vaginosis: a secondary analysis of case-control study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Obesity Phenotypes, Lifestyle Medicine, and Population Health: Precision Needed Everywhere!Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Associations between the Global Diet Quality Score and risk of type 2 diabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Associations between Global Diet Quality Score and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Association between Diet Quality and Eating Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- The global diet quality score as an indicator of adequate nutrient intake and dietary quality - a nation-wide representative study.Nutrition journal · 2024Article
- A higher global diet quality score is associated with lower risk of obesity among male university students in Lebanon: a pilot study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Performance of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) App in Predicting Nutrient Adequacy and Metabolic Risk Factors among Thai Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Higher global diet quality score is related to lower prevalence of depression and poor quality of life among adolescent girls.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Dietary patterns and risk of colorectal cancer: a comparative analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- The Global Diet Quality Score Is Inversely Associated with Nutrient Inadequacy, Low Midupper Arm Circumference, and Anemia in Rural Adults in Ten Sub-Saharan African Countries.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe have developed a diet quality metric intended for global use. To assess its utility in high-income settings, an evaluation of its ability to predict chronic disease is needed.
objectivesWe aimed to prospectively examine the ability of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) to predict the risk of type 2 diabetes in the United States, examine potential differences of association by age, and compare the GDQS with other diet quality scores.
methodsHealth, lifestyle, and diet information was collected from women (n = 88,520) in the Nurses' Health Study II aged 27-44 y at baseline through repeated questionnaires between 1991 and 2017. The overall GDQS consists of 25 food groups. Points are awarded for higher intake of healthy groups and lower intake of unhealthy groups (maximum of 49 points). Multivariable HRs were computed for confirmed type 2 diabetes using proportional hazards models. We also compared the GDQS with the Minimum Diet Diversity score for Women (MDD-W) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010).
resultsWe ascertained 6305 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up. We observed a lower risk of diabetes with higher GDQS; the multivariable HR comparing extreme quintiles of the GDQS was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.91; P-trend < 0.001). The magnitude of association was similar between women aged <50 y and those aged ≥50 y. An inverse association was observed with lower intake of unhealthy components (HR comparing extreme quintiles of the unhealthy submetric: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.84; P-trend < 0.001) but was not with the healthy submetric. The inverse association for each 1-SD increase in the GDQS (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.96) was stronger (P < 0.001) than for the MDD-W (HR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.04) but was slightly weaker (P = 0.03) than for the AHEI-2010 (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.94).
conclusionsA higher GDQS was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk in US women of reproductive age or older, mainly from lower intake of unhealthy foods. The GDQS performed nearly as well as the AHEI-2010.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.