ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2021
The triumvirate of NF-κB, inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19.
Review in International immunopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic inflammation index, disease severity, and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Updated Living Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Treat COVID-19: A Framework for Accelerated Synthesis of Trial Evidence for Rapid Approval-FASTER Approval.Stem cells translational medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Nipah virus matrix protein promotes NF-κB activation by targeting multiple signaling modulators.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Ginsenosides in the management of depression: a comprehensive pharmacological review.Chinese medicine · 2026Review
- Special Issue "Innovative Strategies to Target Metabolism, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic insights into the immune dynamics of wild-type mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant.Laboratory animal research · 2026Article
- Pulmonary fibrosis in post-COVID-19: epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a key mechanism and target for therapy.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- The regulatory mechanisms and translational applications of non-coding RNA in SARS-CoV-2 infection-related cardiovascular pathology.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Identification and mechanism analysis of biomarkers related to butyrate metabolism in COVID-19 patients.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring the Association of Vitamin D and VDR Polymorphisms with Disease Severity in COVID-19 and Influenza.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Multi-omics and network pharmacology approaches reveal the mechanism of action of KeKe tablet against post-infectious cough.Chinese medicine · 2025Article
- Effect of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on mandibular molars development in albino rats offspring.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exploring a Therapeutic Gold Mine: The Antifungal Potential of the Gold-Based Antirheumatic Drug Auranofin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Promotion of Cell Proliferation by Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Sources and Mechanisms.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Biomarkers of pediatric Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis through single-cell transcriptomics.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome reduces lung injury and thrombo-inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a and ORF6 alter the miRNome of human lung epithelial cells.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Molecular dynamics simulation and docking studies reveals inhibition of NF-kB signaling as a promising therapeutic drug target for reduction in cytokines storms.Scientific reports · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has once again reminded us of the significance of host immune response and consequential havocs of the immune dysregulation. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) inflicts severe complications to the infected host, including cough, dyspnoea, fever, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDs), and multiple organ failure. These manifestations are the consequence of the dysregulated immune system, which gives rise to excessive and unattended production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Elevated circulatory cytokine and chemokine levels are accompanied by spontaneous haemorrhage, thrombocytopenia and systemic inflammation, which are the cardinal features of life-threatening cytokine storm syndrome in advanced COVID-19 diseases. Coronavirus hijacked NF-kappa B (NF-κB) is responsible for upregulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, alarmins and inducible enzymes, which paves the pathway for cytokine storm. Given the scenario, the systemic approach of simultaneous inhibition of NF-κB offers an attractive therapeutic intervention. Targeted therapies with proteasome inhibitor (VL-01, bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib), bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (acalabrutinib), nucleotide analogue (remdesivir), TNF-α monoclonal antibodies (infliximab and adalimumab), N-acetylcysteine and corticosteroids (dexamethasone), focusing the NF-κB inhibition have demonstrated effectiveness in terms of the significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. Hence, this review highlights the activation, signal transduction and cross-talk of NF-κB with regard to cytokine storm in COVID-19. Moreover, the development of therapeutic strategies based on NF-κB inhibition are also discussed herein.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.