Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34686336›Full record

ArticleCell reports2021

Efficient stimulation of retinal regeneration from Müller glia in adult mice using combinations of proneural bHLH transcription factors.

Levi Todd, Marcus J Hooper, Alexandra K Haugan, Connor Finkbeiner, Nikolas Jorstad, Nicholas Radulovich, Claire K Wong, Phoebe C Donaldson, Wesley Jenkins, Qiang Chen and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
91citing papers in PubMed
9.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

91 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Neuroinflammation in glaucoma: a myriad of cellular pathways and players.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026
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  5. Mesenchymal-derived neural progenitors underlie localbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
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  9. Article
  10. Review
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  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. The neuroimmune interface in retinal regeneration.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2025
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Levi ToddDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Marcus J HooperDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Alexandra K HauganDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Connor FinkbeinerDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Nikolas JorstadDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Nicholas RadulovichDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Claire K WongDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Phoebe C DonaldsonDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Wesley JenkinsDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Qiang ChenDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 91895, USA.
Fred RiekeDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 91895, USA.
Thomas A RehDepartment of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: tomreh@uw.edu.
University of Washington · US

Funding

Supplement to EY021482 to carry out a screen for retinal regeneration using CRISPR-Cas9 gene activation.R01EY021482 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI THOMAS A REH · 2011 to 2026
$6.3M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY021482
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Regenerative neuroscience aims to stimulate endogenous repair in the nervous system to replace neurons lost from degenerative diseases. Recently, we reported that overexpressing the transcription factor Ascl1 in Müller glia (MG) is sufficient to stimulate MG to regenerate functional neurons in the adult mouse retina. However, this process is inefficient, and only a third of the Ascl1-expressing MG generate new neurons. Here, we test whether proneural transcription factors of the Atoh1/7 class can further promote the regenerative capacity of MG. We find that the combination of Ascl1:Atoh1 is remarkably efficient at stimulating neurogenesis, even in the absence of retinal injury. Using electrophysiology and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we demonstrate that Ascl1:Atoh1 generates a diversity of retinal neuron types, with the majority expressing characteristics of retinal ganglion cells. Our results provide a proof of principle that combinations of developmental transcription factors can substantially improve glial reprogramming to neurons and expand the repertoire of regenerated cell fates.

Indexed as

Nerve RegenerationNeurogenesisAnimalsBasic Helix-Loop-Helix ProteinsCells, CulturedEpendymoglial CellsFemaleGene Expression RegulationMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, TransgenicNerve Tissue ProteinsPhenotypeRetinaRNA-SeqAscl1 protein, mouseAtoh1 protein, mouseAtoh7 protein, mouseBasic Helix-Loop-Helix ProteinsNerve Tissue ProteinsbHLH transcription factorsgliaMuller gliaregenerationreprogrammingretina

Identifiers

PMID34686336
PMCPMC8691131
OpenAlexW3206340131

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.