ArticleCells2021
Comparative Analysis of Six IRF Family Members in Alveolar Epithelial Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral Responses.
Article in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dissection of innate-immune-ligand- and interferon-protein-mediated transcriptional responses in human THP1 cell states.Communications biology · 2026Article
- IRF3 in viral infections: more than just triggering the interferon response.Genes and immunity · 2025Review
- Reconstitution of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression restores interferon beta induction in Huh7 cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Viral piracy of host RNA phosphatase DUSP11 by avipoxviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Interferon regulatory factor 5: a potential target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Human Alveolar and Monocyte-Derived Human Macrophage Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- FEAR antiviral response pathway is independent of interferons and countered by poxvirus proteins.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- IRF4 Participates in Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Silica Particles through Regulating Macrophage Polarization and Fibroblast Activation.Inflammation · 2024Article
- Network Cluster Analysis of PPI and Phenotype Ontology for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.Iranian journal of biotechnology · 2024Article
- Immune-epithelial cell cross-talk enhances antiviral responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 in children.EMBO reports · 2023Article
- Recent advances towards natural plants as potential inhibitors of SARS-Cov-2 targets.Pharmaceutical biology · 2023Review
- Approaches for timeline reductions in pathogenesis studies using genetically modified mice.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- High-resolution kinetic characterization of the RIG-I-signaling pathway and the antiviral response.Life science alliance · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Interferon Signaling-Dependent Contribution of Glycolysis to Rubella Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cooperative effects of RIG-I-like receptor signaling and IRF1 on DNA damage-induced cell death.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- The Interferon Response Dampens the Usutu Virus Infection-Associated Increase in Glycolysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- The Emerging Role of RNA Modifications in the Regulation of Antiviral Innate Immunity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Host cell-intrinsic antiviral responses are largely mediated by pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling and the interferon (IFN) system. The IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors takes up a central role in transcriptional regulation of antiviral innate immunity. IRF3 and IRF7 are known to be key players downstream of PRRs mediating the induction of type I and III IFNs. IFN signaling then requires IRF9 for the expression of the full array of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) ultimately defining the antiviral state of the cell. Other members of the IRF family clearly play a role in mediating or modulating IFN responses, such as IRF1, IRF2 or IRF5, however their relative contribution to mounting a functional antiviral response is much less understood. In this study, we systematically and comparatively assessed the impact of six members of the IRF family on antiviral signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. We generated functional knockouts of IRF1, -2, -3, -5, -7, and -9 in A549 cells, and measured their impact on the expression of IFNs and further cytokines, ISGs and other IRFs, as well as on viral replication. Our results confirmed the vital importance of IRF3 and IRF9 in establishing an antiviral state, whereas IRF1, 5 and 7 were largely dispensable. The previously described inhibitory activity of IRF2 could not be observed in our experimental system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.