ArticleCells2021
Highly Specific Memory B Cells Generation after the 2nd Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine Compensate for the Decline of Serum Antibodies and Absence of Mucosal IgA.
Article in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- GRAd-COV2 vaccine provides potent and durable humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Trial
- Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Microfluidic Precision Engineered Artificial GARP Presenting Cells for Regulatory T-Cell Induction.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Longitudinal humoral and memory B-cell responses to repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in long-term care facilities residents.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Impaired Generation of High-Affinity Memory B Cells and Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Adolescents and Young Adults With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors.ACR open rheumatology · 2026Article
- The B-cell-autoantibody axis in lung cancer immunity.Theranostics · 2026Review
- The immune response of Boschveld chickens to a Newcastle disease vaccination program designed for commercial layers.Tropical animal health and production · 2025Article
- Impairment of Innate Immunity and Depletion of Vaccine-Induced Memory B and T Cells in the Absence of the Spleen.American journal of hematology · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Comparative Immune Response after Vaccination with SOBERANAVaccines · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Adenoviral Vector Vaccination Elicits a Robust Memory B Cell Response with the Capacity to Recognize Omicron BA.2 and BA.5 Variants.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials.Journal of immunological methods · 2023Article
- Article
- Subjects who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM after vaccination show a longer humoral immunity and a lower frequency of infection.EBioMedicine · 2023Article
- Impaired antibody responses were observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after receiving the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.Virology journal · 2023Article
- AZD1222-induced nasal antibody responses are shaped by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlate with virologic outcomes in breakthrough infection.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Severity, Cardiological Outcome, and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccine on Adult Patients With 22q11.2 DS.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Specific memory B cells and antibodies are a reliable read-out of vaccine efficacy. We analysed these biomarkers after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The second dose significantly increases the level of highly specific memory B cells and antibodies. Two months after the second dose, specific antibody levels decline, but highly specific memory B cells continue to increase, thus predicting a sustained protection from COVID-19. We show that although mucosal IgA is not induced by the vaccination, memory B cells migrate in response to inflammation and secrete IgA at mucosal sites. We show that the first vaccine dose may lead to an insufficient number of highly specific memory B cells and low concentration of serum antibodies, thus leaving vaccinees without the immune robustness needed to ensure viral elimination and herd immunity. We also clarify that the reduction of serum antibodies does not diminish the force and duration of the immune protection induced by vaccination. The vaccine does not induce sterilizing immunity. Infection after vaccination may be caused by the lack of local preventive immunity because of the absence of mucosal IgA.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.