ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Understanding Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Beyond Allergic Mechanisms.
Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of tacrolimus therapy on the outcomes of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Tear Cytokine Signature in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Chemokine-Remodeling Axis Associated with Disease Severity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Reduced Levels of Resolvin D1 and Thrombospondin-1 in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Article
- A red-eye presentation concerning for vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a case report.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): Current State and Future Directions-A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Diagnostic Strategies, and Emerging Therapies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Ocular Manifestations in Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Identification of risk factors for persistent corneal edema associated with acute corneal hydrops in keratoconus.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: The burden of being allergic.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2025Article
- Seeing eye to eye: a modified Delphi method-based multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Allergic Conjunctivitis: Review of Current Types, Treatments, and Trends.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prevalence and risk factors of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis among a Ghanaian clinical cohort: A case-control study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in adults: a narrative review of prevalence, pathogenesis, and management.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis and eosinophilic esophagitis: A rare combination?The World Allergy Organization journal · 2024Article
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Current immunological and clinical evidence and the potential role of omalizumab.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Review
- Novel Insights in the Management of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): European Expert Consensus Using a Modified Nominal Group Technique.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2023Article
- Two cases of unilateral limbal Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in the same family: first case report.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of a modified therapeutic protocol for the management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis based on Bonini's graded clinical severity.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Incremental Concentrations of Tacrolimus Eye Drops as a Strategy for the Management of Severe Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the cornea and conjunctiva mostly affecting boys in prepubertal age. VKC recurrence is characterized by intense symptoms of itching, redness, and photophobia associated with corneal damage, impairment of visual function, and quality of life. The pathogenesis of VKC has not yet been completely understood, and it is still controversial. In fact, VKC is considered an ocular allergic disease due to the involvement of immunoglobulin E, eosinophils, and mast cells, and of a lymphocyte T-helper type 2 reaction. However, approximately half of VKC patients have negative allergological history and testing, suggesting that other pathogenic mechanisms participate in VKC development and severity. Specifically, evidence suggests that genetic, endocrine, neuronal factors and an imbalance of innate immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of VKC. The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence on the pathogenic role of innate immunity, neuroimmune reaction, and hormonal changes in VKC. Increasing understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms behind VKC may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and/or potential therapeutic targets in order to improve the management of this challenging condition.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.