Observational studyNutrients2021
Course and Survival of COVID-19 Patients with Comorbidities in Relation to the Trace Element Status at Hospital Admission.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Metals on SARS-CoV-2 Infection: a Review of Recent Epidemiological Studies.Current environmental health reports · 2023Pooled it
- Serum zinc level independently predicts need for inpatient intubation among patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A prospective observational study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Observational
- Trace Mineral Imbalances in Global Health: Challenges, Biomarkers, and the Role of Serum Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Systematic Review of the Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems and Society-The Role of Diagnostics and Nutrition in Pandemic Response.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Zinc Deficiency Associated With an Increase in Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2025Review
- Impact of zinc deficiency on mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association of zinc deficiency and clinical symptoms, inflammatory markers, severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized children.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Comment on Ambra et al. Could Selenium Supplementation Prevent COVID-19? A Comprehensive Review of Available Studies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Association between urinary metals and prostate-specific antigen in aging population with depression: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Identifying a target group for selenium supplementation in high-risk cardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of the SUSTAIN CSX trial.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2023Article
- Zinc and selenium status in coronavirus disease 2019.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2023Review
- Association of Trace Element Levels with Outcomes in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Could Selenium Supplementation Prevent COVID-19? A Comprehensive Review of Available Studies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- Foliar Selenate and Zinc Oxide Separately Applied to Two Pea Varieties: Effects on Growth Parameters and Accumulation of Minerals and Macronutrients in Seeds under Field Conditions.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Enhanced accumulation of phenolics in pea (Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Relationship between selenium status, selenoproteins and COVID-19 and other inflammatory diseases: A critical review.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2023Review
- Bone fragility during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of macro- and micronutrients.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2023Review
- On the Potential Role of the Antioxidant Couple Vitamin E/Selenium Taken by the Oral Route in Skin and Hair Health.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Separate Effects of Foliar Applied Selenate and Zinc Oxide on the Accumulation of Macrominerals, Macronutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Two Pea (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements needed for appropriate immune system responses, cell signalling and anti-viral defence. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at two hospitals in Ghent, Belgium, to investigate whether Se and/or Zn deficiency upon hospital admission correlates to disease severity and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with or without co-morbidities. Trace element concentrations along with additional biomarkers were determined in serum or plasma and associated to disease severity and outcome. An insufficient Se and/or Zn status upon hospital admission was associated with a higher mortality rate and a more severe disease course in the entire study group, especially in the senior population. In comparison to healthy European adults, the patients displayed strongly depressed total Se (mean ± SD: 59.2 ± 20.6 vs. 84.4 ± 23.4 µg L
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.