ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Role of Muco-Adhesion with a Special Focus on Chitosan.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates the Sustained Neuroprotection of CNTF-Chitosan Hydrogel Against NMDA-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Excitotoxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery of lutein for retinal protection: emerging strategies in ocular drug targeting.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Emerging innovations in ophthalmic drug delivery for diabetic retinopathy: a translational perspective.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Translational Advances in Chitosan Biomaterials: From Molecular Modification to Clinical Medicine.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Next-generation smart ophthalmic biomaterials: From passive response to active interaction and closed-loop control.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Emulsion and Emulgel-Based Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Innovative triamcinolone acetonide microsuspension for Non-Invasive ocular management of inflammation.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Article
- Dual-Phase Ocular Insert with Bromfenac-Loaded PLGA MPs in a PVA Matrix for Sustained Postoperative Anti-Inflammatory Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Comparative evaluation of nano ocular delivery systems loaded pH and thermosensitive in situ gels for Acanthamoeba keratitis treatment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Polymers · 2025Review
- Ocular drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology: a comprehensive review for the treatment of eye diseases.Discover nano · 2025Review
- Advances in the Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Based on Cell or Cell-Biomaterial Scaffolds.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-based Topical Gels as Novel Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Overview.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- Chondroitin Sulphate-Chitosan Based Nanogels Loaded with Naringenin-β-Cyclodextrin Complex as Potential Tool for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Formulation Study.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Biopolymeric Innovations in Ophthalmic Surgery: Enhancing Devices and Drug Delivery Systems.Polymers · 2024Review
- Chitosan as a promising materials for the construction of nanocarriers for diabetic retinopathy: an updated review.Journal of biological engineering · 2024Review
- Overview of processed excipients in ocular drug delivery: Opportunities so far and bottlenecks.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Polymer-Based Self-Assembled Drug Delivery Systems for Glaucoma Treatment: Design Strategies and Recent Advances.Polymers · 2023Review
- Trends in Formulation Approaches for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) including age macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are amongst the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to the numerous barriers encountered, highly invasive intravitreal (IVT) injections represent the primary route to deliver drugs to the posterior eye tissues. Thus, the potential of a more patient friendly topical route has been widely investigated. Mucoadhesive formulations can decrease precorneal clearance while prolonging precorneal residence. Thus, they are expected to enhance the chances of adherence to corneal and conjunctival surfaces and as such, enable increased delivery to the posterior eye segment. Among the mucoadhesive polymers available, chitosan is the most widely explored due to its outstanding mucoadhesive characteristics. In this review, the major PSEDs, their treatments, barriers to topical delivery, and routes of topical drug absorption to the posterior eye are presented. To enable the successful design of mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDSs), an overview of mucoadhesion, its theory, characterization, and considerations for ocular mucoadhesion is given. Furthermore, chitosan-based DDs that have been explored to promote topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment are reviewed. Finally, challenges of successful preclinical to clinical translation of these DDSs for posterior eye drug delivery are discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.