ArticlePharmaceutics2021
Nose to Brain Delivery of Phenytoin Sodium Loaded Nano Lipid Carriers: Formulation, Drug Release, Permeation and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoformulations in epilepsy therapy - a systematic review of emerging strategies in status epilepticus.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Recent Advances in Intranasal Administration for Brain-Targeting Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Stimuli-Responsive Gel Formulations.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Pooled it
- Bridging the Gap: Harnessing Phytochemical-Loaded Nanocarriers for Enhanced Epilepsy Treatment.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Autonomous intranasal delivery systems for central nervous system therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Intranasal drug delivery: Unlocking the nose-to-brain route for central nervous system therapies.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Design, Optimization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Lactoferrin-Coated Brexpiprazole-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Brain Targeting.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Intranasal Drug Delivery in Neuropharmacology: Advances in Brain-Targeted Therapies and Bioethical Challenges.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Optimization of Ionic Liquid Based NLC for Nose-To-Brain Delivery of Tetrabenazine Hydrochloride.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Intranasal Biodegradable Nanomedicine for Epilepsy Management: Targeting the Brain Beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Development and evaluation of gelatin/hyaluronic acid nanofibrous dressing loaded with silver nanoparticles and phenytoin for enhanced wound healing: anResearch in pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Nose-to-brain drug delivery: from bench to bedside.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Advancements in Nanocarrier Systems for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Microfluidics-Assisted Formulation of Polymeric Oxytocin Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Nose-to-brain Drug Delivery System: An Emerging Approach to Chemotherapy-induced Cognitive Impairment.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Systematic Approach in the Development of Chitosan Functionalized Iloperidone Nanoemulsions for Transnasal Delivery, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Article
- QbD Approach for the Development of Tea Tree Oil-Enhanced Microemulgel Loaded with Curcumin and Diclofenac for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antiepileptic drug-loaded and multifunctional iron oxide@silica@gelatin nanoparticles for acid-triggered drug delivery.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Intranasal delivery of phenytoin loaded layered double hydroxide nanoparticles improves therapeutic effect on epileptic seizures.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Natural-Origin Betaine Surfactants as Promising Components for the Stabilization of Lipid Carriers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An acute epileptic seizure is a seizure emergency fatal condition that requires immediate medical attention. IV phenytoin sodium remains the second line therapeutic agent for the immediate treatment of status epilepticus. Phenytoin sodium formulated as nanolipid carriers (NLCs) seems to be promising as an intranasal delivery system for controlling acute seizures. Three different nanosized phenytoin sodium loaded NLCs (<50 nm, 50-100 nm and >100 nm) were prepared by melt emulsification and was further characterised. In vitro drug release studies showed immediate drug release from phenytoin sodium loaded NLCs of <50 nm size, which is highly essential for acute seizure control. The ex vivo permeation study indicated greater permeation from <50 nm sized NLC through the olfactory epithelium compared to thecontrol drug solution. Invivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed higher drug concentration in CSF/brain within 5 min upon intranasal administration of <50 nm sized phenytoin sodium NLCs than the control drug solution and marketed IV phenytoin sodium, indicating direct and rapid nose to brain drug transport through the olfactory epithelium. The study has shown that formulation strategies can enhance olfactory uptake, and phenytoin sodium NLCs of desired particle sizes (<50 nm) offer promising potential for nose to brain direct delivery of phenytoin sodium in treating acute epileptic seizures.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.