ArticlePharmaceutics2021
Understanding Direct Powder Extrusion for Fabrication of 3D Printed Personalised Medicines: A Case Study for Nifedipine Minitablets.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Direct Powder Extrusion of Atorvastatin 3D-Printed Tablets for Immediate-Release: Solid-State Characterization and Dissolution Performance.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Toward a harmonized regulatory framework for 3D-printed pharmaceutical products: the role of critical feedstock materials and process parameters.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Sex-specific formulations of doxazosin mesylate via direct powder extrusion 3D printing.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Assessment of a Semi-solid Extrusion Based Compounding System Solution for Personalized Ondansetron Dosage Forms Combined with Raman Spectroscopy Analysis.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing with Additive Technology: A Key Driver of Industry 4.0 Integration.Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation · 2025Review
- 3D Printing Direct Powder Extrusion in the Production of Drug Delivery Systems: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- A case study on decentralized manufacturing of 3D printed medicines.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2023Article
- Development of Subdermal Implants Using Direct Powder Extrusion 3D Printing and Hot-Melt Extrusion Technologies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2023Article
- Development and Characterization of Different Dosage Forms of Nifedipine/Indomethacin Fixed-Dose Combinations.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2023Article
- 3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Direct cyclodextrin-based powder extrusion 3D printing for one-step production of the BCS class II model drug niclosamide.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Article
- Development of Advanced 3D-Printed Solid Dosage Pediatric Formulations for HIV Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Solid Dispersion Formulations by FDM 3D Printing-A Review.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Tailoring Rational Manufacturing of Extemporaneous Compounding Oral Dosage Formulations with a Low Dose of Minoxidil.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Engineering 3D Printed Microfluidic Chips for the Fabrication of Nanomedicines.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fuse deposition modelling (FDM) has emerged as a novel technology for manufacturing 3D printed medicines. However, it is a two-step process requiring the fabrication of filaments using a hot melt extruder with suitable properties prior to printing taking place, which can be a rate-limiting step in its application into clinical practice. Direct powder extrusion can overcome the difficulties encountered with fabrication of pharmaceutical-quality filaments for FDM, allowing the manufacturing, in a single step, of 3D printed solid dosage forms. In this study, we demonstrate the manufacturing of small-weight (<100 mg) solid dosage forms with high drug loading (25%) that can be easily undertaken by healthcare professionals to treat hypertension. 3D printed nifedipine minitablets containing 20 mg were manufactured by direct powder extrusion combining 15% polyethylene glycol 4000 Da, 40% hydroxypropyl cellulose, 19% hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, and 1% magnesium stearate. The fabricated 3D printed minitablets of small overall weight did not disintegrate during dissolution and allowed for controlled drug release over 24 h, based on erosion. This release profile of the printed minitablets is more suitable for hypertensive patients than immediate-release tablets that can lead to a marked burst effect, triggering hypotension. The small size of the minitablet allows it to fit inside of a 0-size capsule and be combined with other minitablets, of other API, for the treatment of complex diseases requiring polypharmacy within a single dosage form.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.