ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Neuroinflammation at the Crossroads of Neurodegeneration: The Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) · 2026Review
- Bridging the Gap: How Organ-on-a-Chip Technology Facilitates the Battle against Glioma.Small science · 2026Review
- The melanocortin receptors as targets for general obesity: contextualizing clinical failures and analyzing future perspectives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Computational Design of Drugs for Epilepsy using a Novel Guided Evolutionary Algorithm for Enhanced Blood Brain Barrier Permeability.Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Cardiolipin and mitochondrial membrane integrity in neurodegeneration: insights from α-synuclein-driven Parkinson's disease.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- Progress in peptide and protein therapeutics: Challenges and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Optimizing cefazolin dosing for central nervous system infections: insights from population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulations.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Breaking barriers: exploring blood-brain barrier crossing mechanisms with nanomedicine for effective glioma treatment.3 Biotech · 2025Review
- Article
- Nanotherapeutic smart approaches for combating Alzheimer's disease and overcoming existing obstacles: A novel eco-friendly green approach.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Fate-tox: fragment attention transformer for E(3)-equivariant multi-organ toxicity prediction.Journal of cheminformatics · 2025Article
- Procognitive Potential of Neuroprotective Triazine 5-HTACS chemical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Advanced pharmacological and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 1,3 dimethylpurine-2,6-dione derivative (GR-14) with prominent mood-modulating activity in rats.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
- Mechanisms to medicines: navigating drug repurposing strategies in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.