ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Cycle on Muscle Performance and Perceptual Measures.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond birth control: how oral contraceptives impact skeletal muscle health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of oral contraceptive use on cardiorespiratory and immune function in premenopausal women involved in exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2024Trial
- Neuromuscular Control and Motor Performance Across the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Young Females.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Pelvic floor, hormones, and performance: trying to fill in the gap.Gynecology and pelvic medicine · 2026Article
- Menstrual cycle hormonal fluctuations and their associations with athletic performance and injury susceptibility in female athletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Muscular Performance Is Not Significantly Altered Throughout Phases of the Menstrual Cycle or a Hormonal Contraceptive Cycle in Collegiate Softball Players.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessment of Impact of Various Contraceptive Methods on Irregualrity of Menstrual Cycles: An Original Research.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- The effect of the menstrual cycle phases on back squat performance, jumping ability and psychological state in women according to their level of performance -a randomized three-arm crossover study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Minimal influence of the menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptives on performance in female rugby league athletes.European journal of sport science · 2024Article
- The Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Maximal Strength Performance in Healthy Female Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Is It Necessary to Adapt Training According to the Menstrual Cycle? Influence of Contraception and Physical Fitness Variables.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Active Women Across the Lifespan: Nutritional Ingredients to Support Health and Wellness.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Review
- Menstrual Cycle Changes Joint Laxity in Females-Differences between Eumenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Effects of oral contraceptive use on muscle strength, muscle thickness, and fiber size and composition in young women undergoing 12 weeks of strength training: a cohort study.BMC women's health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most reproductive-aged women are exposed to fluctuating female steroid hormones due to the menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive use. This study investigated the potential effect of the menstrual cycle and combined monophasic oral contraceptive cycle on various aspects of muscle performance. Thirty active females (12 with a natural menstrual cycle, 10 taking a high-androgenicity oral contraceptive and 8 taking a low-androgenicity oral contraceptive), aged 18 to 30 years, were tested three times throughout one menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle. Counter-movement jumps, bilateral hop jumps, handgrip strength, isometric knee extensor strength and isokinetic knee flexion and extension were assessed. Perceptual ratings of fatigue, muscle soreness, pain and mood were recorded. Most variables showed no significant changes over the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle. However, for the menstrual cycle group, isokinetic knee flexion at 240° s
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.