SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Prevalence and Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Swimming: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Positional relative age effect in europe's top ten football leagues.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Effects of biobanding on training loads and technical performance of young football players.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relative age effect in the 2022-2023 World Fencing Championships.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- "More players can reach national and international levels": coaches perceptions of "birthday-banding" in youth squash and its potential for minimising relative age effects.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Relative age of youth swimmers and their sporting performance at the end of the season.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relative Age Effects and Place of Early Development Constrain Male Youth Italian Swimmers' Developmental Experiences.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- How to Compare Relative Age Effect in Different Sports? A New Methodological Approach-Example of Youth Olympic Games.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Effect of Growth and Body Surface Area on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: A Cohort Study in Preadolescent Female Swimmers.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Comparing cross-sectional and longitudinal tracking to establish percentile data and assess performance progression in swimmers.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Competition age: does it matter for swimmers?BMC research notes · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in swimming and its impact on competition performance according to different types of interacting constraints. A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA guidelines for preparing systematic reviews, was performed through four electronic databases, and nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using STROBE, and an average score of 16.2 points was obtained. In these studies, the prevalence of the RAE in swimming was observed in more than half (58.65%) of the participants analysed, and the effect of the RAE was more accentuated in young categories (decreased as age increased and was inverted in older ones) and in male swimmers (double that in female swimmers).The impact of the RAE on competitive performance appeared to be related to the strength demands of the event, as the performance in simultaneous strokes, in shorter events, and of swimmers in the postadolescence period seems to be more affected by the RAE. These results indicate that the RAE in competitive swimming relies on individual and environmental (the swimmer's age group and gender) but also task (the competitive events) determinants or limitations. This should serve as a guide for a more effective design of selection and development procedures for young athletes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.