ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment.
Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Integrated Protein-Lipid Digestion Profiles of Human Milk, Infant Formulas, and Dairy Ingredients Under Infant In Vitro Digestion.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Breast Milk Expression Experiences of Public Employees Working for the State of Utah.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- The Circadian Composition of Breast Milk: A Natural Starting Point for Chrononutrition.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Micronutrient status and growth outcomes in children with cow's milk allergy: beyond elimination diets.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Species-level enumeration of low-concentration lactic acid bacteria in breast milk.Food chemistry. Molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Prevention Strategies and Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Current treatment options in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Unraveling the Evolutionary Diet Mismatch and Its Contribution to the Deterioration of Body Composition.Metabolites · 2024Review
- Patterns of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Mature Milk Are Associated with Certain Gut Microbiota in Infants.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Financial burden faced by breastfeeding mothers caring for children diagnosed with cancer in Ghana; an exploratory qualitative study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- The Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation/Fortification on the Gut Microbiota in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Donor human milk: the influence of processing technologies on its nutritional and microbial composition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Neonatal Microbiome: Is it Still Beneficial?Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- Protein and Lipid Content of Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Overview.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Comparative Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Content in Mother's Milk of Term and Preterm Mothers.Nutrients · 2022Observational
- Review
- Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infectivity by impairing cell binding.Pediatric research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human breast milk not only has nutritional properties but also holds a functional role. It contains various bioactive factors (lactoferrin, lysozyme, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, hormones, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiome, microRNAs and stem cells) shown to contribute to several short- and long-term health outcomes. Some of these factors appear to be involved in the infant's neuro-cognitive development, anti-oncogenic processes, cellular communication and differentiation. Furthermore, breast milk is increasingly recognized to have dynamic characteristics and to play a fundamental role in the cross-talking mother-neonate. This narrative review aims to provide a summary and an update on these bioactive substances, exploring their functions mainly on immunomodulation, microbiome and virome development. Although the knowledge about breast milk potentiality has significantly improved, leading to discovering unexpected functions, the exact mechanisms with which breast milk exercises its bioactivity have not been completely clarified. This can represent a fertile ground for exploring and understanding the complexity behind these functional elements to develop new therapeutic strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.