ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Effects of Food Types, Frying Frequency, and Frying Temperature on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol Esters and Glycidyl Esters Content in Palm Oil during Frying.
Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of sodium chloride on the formation of 3-Monochloropropanediol esters in various meats and health risk assessment.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Improvement of properties and olfactory attributes of isolated protein from edible insects by roasting.Food science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Chloropropanols and Their Esters in Food: An Updated Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Domestically and Commercially Prepared Food in Singapore.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Occurrence, formation mechanism, detection methods, and removal approaches for chloropropanols and their esters in food: An updated systematic review.Food chemistry: X · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
3-Monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) have high toxicity and have drawn global attention because of their widespread occurrence in refined oils and oil-based foods. In this study, the effects of food type (potato chips and chicken breasts), frying frequency, and frying temperature on the formation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil (PO) were investigated. The results showed that 3-MCPDE was formed easier in chicken breasts than potato chips. The GE content decreased in PO after it was used for frying potato chips and chicken breasts with or without NaCl. Frying frequency was an influencing factor in the formation of 3-MCPDE and the decrease in GE in PO. Frying temperature was positively correlated with GE degradation, while it had a bidirectional effect on the formation of 3-MCPDE. The formation kinetic equations indicated that 3-MCPDE and GE followed zero-order reactions in PO. The estimated activation energy (Ea) of 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (Pa-Pa, 41.05 kJ/mol) was lower than those of the other three types of 3-MCPDE; this is the first theoretical explanation for why PO contains more 3-MCPD than other edible oils. Among GEs, glycidyl oleate (Li-GE) was degraded more readily than other GEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.