ArticleBiomedicines2021
The Dynamic Change of Immune Checkpoints and CD14+ Monocytes in Latent Tuberculosis Infection.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification ofInternational journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: emerging modalities, cross-disciplinary innovations, and roadmaps for drug-resistant disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived linoleic acid increases regulatory T cell function to promote bacterial survival within macrophages.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- The Goat Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 Gene: mRNA Expression and Association Analysis of Insertion/Deletion Variants with the Risk of Brucellosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Association of tuberculosis risk with genetic polymorphisms of the immune checkpoint genes PDCD1, CTLA-4, and TIM3.PloS one · 2024Article
- Excluding Participants With Mycobacteria Infections From Clinical Trials: A Critical Consideration in Evaluating the Efficacy of BCG Against COVID-19.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Review
- A Review on Inflammasomes and Immune Checkpoints in Pre-Eclampsia Complicated with Tuberculosis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Role of CD14 in human disease.Immunology · 2023Review
- Pro-Inflammatory Alterations of Circulating Monocytes in Latent Tuberculosis Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Plasma host protein signatures correlating with Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity prior to and during antituberculosis treatment.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Characterization of multiple soluble immune checkpoints in individuals with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status and dynamic changes during anti-tuberculosis treatment.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Intermediate Monocytes with PD-L1 and CD62L Expression as a Possible Player in Active SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Viruses · 2022Article
- Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Was an Independent Factor of the Severity of Spinal Tuberculosis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Controlling latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important for preventing tuberculosis (TB). However, the immune regulation of LTBI remains uncertain. Immune checkpoints and CD14+ monocytes are pivotal for immune defense but have been scarcely studied in LTBI. We prospectively enrolled participants with LTBI and controls from January 2017 to December 2019. We measured their CD14+ monocytes and the expression of immune checkpoints, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing-3 (TIM3) on T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after LTBI treatment. A total of 87 subjects were enrolled, including 29 IGRA-negative healthy controls (HC), 58 in the LTBI group (19 without chronic kidney disease (non-CKD), and 39 with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)). All PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM3 on lymphocytes and monocytes were higher in the LTBI group than that in the HC group. Total CD14+ monocytes were higher and PD-L2+CD14+ over monocytes were lower in patients with LTBI-non-CKD than that in the HC group. After LTBI treatment, CD14+ monocytes, TIM3+ on CD4+ and monocytes, and CTLA-4 on lymphocytes decreased significantly. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that CD14+ monocytes was an independent factor for LTBI-non-CKD from the HC group, whereas PD-L2+CD14+ monocytes and TIM3+ monocytes were significant for LTBI-ESRD from the HC group. In conclusion, LTBI status was associated with increasing CD14+ monocytes plus low PD-L2 expression. By contrast, increased expression of immune checkpoints over all immune cells might be due to
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.