ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Bilirubin as a Therapeutic Molecule: Challenges and Opportunities.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of dietary interventions on pre-diabetic oral and gut microbiome, metabolites and cytokines.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Bilirubin reduces mortality in sepsis models by inhibiting NOX2-mediated formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2026Article
- Indirect bilirubin mitigates tubular vacuolization and injury in experimental contrast nephropathy.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of Albumin-Bilirubin Score in Acute Pancreatitis: Insights From the MIMIC-IV Database.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Transforming Toxicity into Therapy: Exploring Bilirubin's Benefits and Its Molecular Role in Cardiac Health and Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- EphB4-decorated biomimetic nanoparticles enhance osteoclast targeting and therapeutic effect in osteoporosis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Bilirubin in Parkinson's disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potentials.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Targeted Delivery of Bilirubin to Pulmonary Endothelium Mitigates Paraquat-Induced Lung Injury.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- The HO-1/bilirubin axis in cardiovascular protection: critical evidence for modulation by plant metabolites and traditional multi-component formulations used in Chinese medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Bilirubin - new insights into an old molecule.Biochemia medica · 2025Review
- Fluorescent Nitrogen-doped Carbon Dots-based Turn-off Sensor for Bilirubin.Journal of fluorescence · 2025Article
- Circulating Bilirubin Levels, but Not Their Genetic Determinants, Are Inversely Associated with Steatotic Liver Disease in Adolescents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Synthetic Bilirubin-Based Nanomedicine Protects Against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Antioxidant and Immune-Modulating Activity.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Six-Day Fasting Causes Temporary Increases in Both Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Changes in Serum Bilirubin and Total Bile Acids During Biologic Therapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence and Predictors of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections Among Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases in Dodoma Region, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.Hepatic medicine : evidence and research · 2025Article
- Potential Mechanisms of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins as Antioxidants: A Mixed Experimental-Computational Study.Biochemistry research international · 2025Article
- Improvement of Late-Onset Hypogonadism Symptoms of FermentedNutrients · 2024Article
- The Multifaceted Role of Bilirubin in Liver Disease: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2024Review
- Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on the management of Rh- and ABO-mediated hemolytic disease of the newborn.Hematology, transfusion and cell therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is strong evidence that serum free bilirubin concentration has significant effects on morbidity and mortality in the most significant health conditions of our times, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity/metabolic syndrome. Supplementation of bilirubin in animal and experimental models has reproduced these protective effects, but several factors have slowed the application bilirubin as a therapeutic agent in human patients. Bilirubin is poorly soluble in water, and is a complex molecule that is difficult to synthesize. Current sources of this molecule are animal-derived, creating concerns regarding the risk of virus or prion transmission. However, recent developments in nanoparticle drug delivery, biosynthetic strategies, and drug synthesis have opened new avenues for applying bilirubin as a pharmaceutical agent. This article reviews the chemistry and physiology of bilirubin, potential clinical applications and summarizes current strategies for safe and efficient drug delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.