ArticleJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2021
Eugenol, a Component of Holy Basil (Tulsi) and Common Spice Clove, Inhibits the Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 and ACE2 to Induce Therapeutic Responses.
Article in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- L-Leucine Upregulates Lysosomal Biogenesis and Autophagy to Lower Plaques in 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, a component of Holy Basil Ocimum tenuiflorum, inhibits the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro.Journal of natural medicines · 2025Article
- Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Eugenol: An Update.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Eucalyptus Essential Oil Inhibits Cell Infection by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Pseudotyped Lentivirus.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- In Silico Approaches to Polyherbal Synergy: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Cinnamic acid, a natural plant compound, exhibits neuroprotection in a mouse model of Sandhoff disease via PPARα.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Identification of Cinnamein, a Component of Balsam of Tolu/Peru, as a New Ligand of PPARα for Plaque Reduction and Memory Protection in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- COVID-19 in Dental Practice Is Prevented by Eugenol Responsible for the Ambient Odor Specific to Dental Offices: Possibility and Speculation.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2024Review
- Muscle-building supplement β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate binds to PPARα to improve hippocampal functions in mice.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Bio-guided chemical characterization and nano-formulation studies of selected edible volatile oils with potentials antibacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities.Arabian journal of chemistry · 2023Article
- Prenol, but Not Vitamin C, of Fruit Binds to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 to Inhibit Viral Entry: Implications for COVID-19.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Food Plant Secondary Metabolites Antiviral Activity and Their Possible Roles in SARS-CoV-2 Treatment: An Overview.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Integrative network pharmacology and in silico analyses identify the anti-omicron SARS-CoV-2 potential of eugenol.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Investigation on the Essential Oils of theLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Regression of Lung Cancer in Mice by Intranasal Administration of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1.Cancers · 2022Article
- Targeting autophagy regulation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation in COVID-19.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Review
- The SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Protein Promotes MAPK and NF-kB Activation in Human Lung Cells and Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Lung and Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- An exhaustive comprehension of the role of herbal medicines in Pre- and Post-COVID manifestations.Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Spike S1 of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells to enter the cell and initiate COVID-19. Since ACE2 is a favorable enzyme, we were interested in finding a molecule capable of binding spike S1, but not ACE2, and inhibiting the interaction between spike S1 and ACE2. Holy basil (Tulsi) has a long history as a medicine for different human disorders. Therefore, we screened different components of Tulsi leaf and found that eugenol, but not other major components (e.g. ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and β-caryophylline), inhibited the interaction between spike S1 and ACE2 in an AlphaScreen-based assay. By in silico analysis and thermal shift assay, we also observed that eugenol associated with spike S1, but not ACE2. Accordingly, eugenol strongly suppressed the entry of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2, but not vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), into human ACE2-expressing HEK293 cells. Eugenol also reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-induced activation of NF-κB and the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα in human A549 lung cells. Moreover, oral treatment with eugenol reduced lung inflammation, decreased fever, improved heart function, and enhanced locomotor activities in SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-intoxicated mice. Therefore, selective targeting of SARS-CoV-2 spike S1, but not ACE2, by eugenol may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment.
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