ArticleOncotarget2021
Low tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte density in primary and recurrent glioblastoma.
Article in Oncotarget, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative cross-methodological analysis of the IDH-wildtype glioblastoma tumor microenvironment.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Article
- A characterisation of the immune cells in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with orthotopic brain tumors.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Intratumoral delivery of 4-1BBL boosts IL-12-triggered anti-glioma immunity.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- A surgical window of opportunity trial evaluating the effect of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab on tumoral MHC-I expression and CD8Scientific reports · 2025Article
- IL-7-mediated expansion of autologous lymphocytes increases CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Targeting HIF-2α in glioblastoma reshapes the immune infiltrate and enhances response to immune checkpoint blockade.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- CD47 Knock-Out Using CRISPR-Cas9 RNA Lipid Nanocarriers Results in Reduced Mesenchymal Glioblastoma Growth In Vivo.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Recent advances in immunotherapy for gliomas: overcoming barriers and advancing precision strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Vaccine therapies for glioma: clinical frontiers and potential breakthrough.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma.Cancer treatment and research · 2025Review
- Adeno-associated virus delivered CXCL9 sensitizes glioblastoma to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade.Nature communications · 2024Article
- ATR inhibition using gartisertib enhances cell death and synergises with temozolomide and radiation in patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines.Oncotarget · 2024Article
- CXCL9 recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) virotherapy sensitizes glioblastoma (GBM) to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade.Research square · 2023Article
- Immunotherapy: a promising approach for glioma treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that express the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have shown promise in preclinical glioblastoma models but have had limited success in clinical trials. To assess when glioblastoma is most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors we determined the density of TILs in primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Thirteen cases of matched primary and recurrent glioblastoma tissue were immunohistochemically labelled for CD3, CD8, CD4 and PD-1, and TIL density assessed. CD3+ TILs were observed in all cases, with the majority of both primary (69.2%) and recurrent (61.5%) tumours having low density of TILs present. CD8+ TILs were observed at higher densities than CD4+ TILs in both tumour groups. PD-1+ TILs were sparse and present in only 25% of primary and 50% of recurrent tumours. Quantitative analysis of TILs demonstrated significantly higher CD8+ TIL density at recurrence (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.