ArticleJournal of inflammation research2021
Distinct Polarization Dynamics of Microglia and Infiltrating Macrophages: A Novel Mechanism of Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.
Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Capturing the dynamics of STAT6 macrophage polarization using bioluminescence temporal signatures.Cell systems · 2026Article
- The Fidelity Paradox in Spinal Cord Injury: Reframing Biomechanical Mimicry and Neurobiological Relevance for Clinical Translation.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Liposome-encapsulated clodronate and COX-2 inhibitor treatment impair ventilatory recovery but improve compensatory locomotor function following cervical spinal cord injury in rats.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- GDF11 Mitigates Neuropathic Pain via Regulation of Microglial Polarization and Neuroinflammation through TGF-βR1/SMAD2/NF-κB Pathway in Male Mice.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- FOXA2/miR-148a-3p/SMURF2 signaling feed-forward loop alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced neuropathic pain by modulating microglia polarization in rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Gut-Spinal Cord Axis in Spinal Cord Injury: Bidirectional Inflammatory Mechanisms and Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Mechanism by which hyperglycemia regulates precursor of brainZhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2024Article
- Blocking of Tim-3 Ameliorates Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting Neuroinflammation and Promoting M1-to-M2 Phenotypic Polarization of Microglia.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Administration with curcumin alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating anti-oxidative stress and microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation via Nrf2/NF-κB axis.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2024Article
- Temporal changes of spinal microglia in murine models of neuropathic pain: a scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Necroptosis plays a crucial role in the exacerbation of retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- Infiltrating circulating monocytes provide an important source of BMP4 at the early stage of spinal cord injury.Disease models & mechanisms · 2023Article
- The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Microglial Polarization in the Process of Neuropathic Pain.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Article
- Biomaterials delivery strategies to repair spinal cord injury by modulating macrophage phenotypes.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeRecent studies indicate that microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) have different roles in diseases such as stroke and spinal cord injury, yet their respective polarized phenotypes and roles remain unclear in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury (SCIRI).
methodsWe established a mouse model of SCIRI by transient aortic occlusion followed by reperfusion. Basso mouse scale (BMS) scores were used to test the locomotor functions. The histopathological changes in spinal cord were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and NF-200 immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were employed to analyze the polarized phenotypes of the microglia and infiltrating MDMs, and the resulting inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the role of infiltrating MDMs were investigated by MDMs depletion using systemic administration of clodronate-liposomes.
resultsSCIRI significantly impaired locomotor function of mice, accompanied with progressed necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and neuron loss in the spinal cord. M1-related pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, CD16, CD86 and TNF-α) increased dramatically in the early phase following SCIRI. In contrast, M2-related anti-inflammatory markers (CD204 and CD206) elevated at later stage. Besides, the invading MDMs were principally pro-inflammatory M1 type, transiently restricted to the first week after SCIRI. In contrast, microglia were the main source of anti-inflammatory M2 type. Furthermore, depletion of MDMs by clodronate-liposomes significantly preserved neurological functions and relieved neuronal damage caused by SCIRI.
conclusionThese findings suggested distinct polarized status of resident microglia and MDMs following SCIRI. Inhibition of the invading MDMs may represent a novel approach for SCIRI treatment.
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