ArticleScientific reports2021
Cytokine signature and COVID-19 prediction models in the two waves of pandemics.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06940609 (Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation (MANIFEST)
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Lactoferrin on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The LAC Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Dynamic Cytokine and Coagulation Profiling in Patients With Severe COVID‑19 Evaluated for Pulmonary Embolism: A Prospective Cohort Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Observational
- Redefining Normal: Cytokine Dysregulation in Long COVID and the Post-Pandemic Healthy Donors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A Coupled Model of the Cardiovascular and Immune Systems to Analyze the Effects of COVID-19 Infection.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2025Article
- Unraveling the anti-inflammatory effects of Mediterranean diet in patients with cancer remission.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The fibrin-derived peptide FX06 protects human pulmonary endothelial cells against the COVID-19-triggered cytokine storm.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Novel Strategies to Profile SARS-CoV-2 and Human Lung Proteome: Inflammatory Pathways in the Spotlight.BioMed research international · 2025Review
- Article
- Immunopathological markers and cell types linked to COVID-19 symptom manifestation.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Predictive Value and Diagnostic Potential of IL-10, IL-17A, IL1-β, IL-6, CXCL, and MCP for Severe COVID-19 and COVID-19 Mortality.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- IL-10 suppresses T cell expansion while promoting tissue-resident memory cell formation during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Comparing machine learning screening approaches using clinical data and cytokine profiles for COVID-19 in resource-limited and resource-abundant settings.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Behaviour of IL-6 and Its Soluble Receptor Complex during Different Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Evaluation of bovine coronavirus in Korean native calves challenged through different inoculation routes.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Respiratory distress in SARS-CoV-2 exposed uninfected neonates followed in the COVID Outcomes in Mother-Infant Pairs (COMP) Study.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Unraveling Acute and Post-COVID Cytokine Patterns to Anticipate Future Challenges.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Cytokine Kinetics during Progression of COVID-19 in Rwanda Patients: Could IL-9/IFNγ Ratio Predict Disease Severity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Metagenomic assessment of gut microbial communities and risk of severe COVID-19.Genome medicine · 2023Article
- EVOO Polyphenols Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects on the Microglia Cell through TREM2 Signaling Pathway.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In Europe, multiple waves of infections with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have been observed. Here, we have investigated whether common patterns of cytokines could be detected in individuals with mild and severe forms of COVID-19 in two pandemic waves, and whether machine learning approach could be useful to identify the best predictors. An increasing trend of multiple cytokines was observed in patients with mild or severe/critical symptoms of COVID-19, compared with healthy volunteers. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) clearly recognized the three groups based on cytokine patterns. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) further indicated that IL-6 discriminated controls and COVID-19 patients, whilst IL-8 defined disease severity. During the second wave of pandemics, a less intense cytokine storm was observed, as compared with the first. IL-6 was the most robust predictor of infection and discriminated moderate COVID-19 patients from healthy controls, regardless of epidemic peak curve. Thus, serum cytokine patterns provide biomarkers useful for COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis. Further definition of individual cytokines may allow to envision novel therapeutic options and pave the way to set up innovative diagnostic tools.
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