ReviewTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders2021
Secondary mechanisms of injury and viable pathophysiological targets in intracerebral hemorrhage.
Review in Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction on Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- Early neurological improvement with deferoxamine after intracerebral hemorrhage: A post hoc analysis of the i-DEF trial.International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and safety of minocycline in the treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage: study design and protocol for a multicentre, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint clinical trial.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Loss of Pericytic Integrin-β1 Exacerbates Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Hemorrhagic Brain Injury.Stroke · 2026Article
- Selective Kv1.3 inhibition promotes M2 microglial polarization, accelerates hematoma resolution, and improves neurological recovery following collagenase-induced spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Post-Hemorrhagic Neurovascular Microenvironment: Mechanistic Nodes, Cross-Stroke Comparisons, and Therapeutic Reprogramming.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- Temporal Profile of Soluble TLR4 and its Association with Intracerebral Haemorrhage Expansion.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Transcranial photobiomodulation mitigates neuroinflammation by suppressing the activation of neurotoxic microglia through inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Early Cardiac Workload and Long-Term Prognosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Insights from a Large Multicenter Cohort.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Delayed microglial depletion protects against white matter injury following neonatal cerebral hemorrhage in mice.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The Antioxidant and Neuroregenerative Effects of Thymoquinone in a Rat Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Microglia‑mediated neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: Pathological mechanisms and implications for therapeutic development (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Transplantation of Skin-Derived Precursor Schwann Cells Ameliorates Secondary Brain Injury after ICH in Mice by Activating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Signaling Pathway.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Iron-driven secondary injury after intracranial hemorrhage: mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Intraparenchymal B cell therapy protects neurological function and modulates local neuroinflammation in experimental hemorrhagic stroke.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Irisin, the Myokine: Guardian and Mediator in Cardiovascular System.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Review
- Microstructural brain changes and their impact on hemorrhagic stroke recovery: a neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging-based study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Dynamic changes in chromatin accessibility within one month of mouse intracerebral hemorrhage.iScience · 2025Article
- Immune cells in intracerebral hemorrhage.Brain hemorrhages · 2025Article
- A new perspective on the regulation of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can be divided into a primary and secondary phase. In the primary phase, hematoma volume is evaluated and therapies are focused on reducing hematoma expansion. In the secondary, neuroprotective phase, complex systemic inflammatory cascades, direct cellular toxicity, and blood-brain barrier disruption can result in worsening perihematomal edema that can adversely affect functional outcome. To date, all major randomized phase 3 trials for ICH have targeted primary phase hematoma volume and incorporated clot evacuation, intensive blood pressure control, and hemostasis. Reasons for this lack of clinical efficacy in the major ICH trials may be due to the lack of therapeutics involving mitigation of secondary injury and inflexible trial design that favors unilateral mechanisms in a complex pathophysiology. Potential pathophysiological targets for attenuating secondary injury are highlighted in this review and include therapies increasing calcium, antagonizing microglial activation, maintaining macrophage M1 versus M2 balance by decreasing M1 signaling, aquaporin inhibition, NKCCl inhibition, endothelin receptor inhibition, Sur1-TRPM4 inhibition, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulation. Future clinical trials in ICH focusing on secondary phase injury and, potentially implementing adaptive trial design approaches with multifocal targets, may improve insight into these mechanisms and provide potential therapies that may improve survival and functional outcome.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.