ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2022
Circadian timing of eating and BMI among adults in the American Time Use Survey.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The cross-sectional and prospective associations between time-restricted eating and cardiometabolic health in community-dwelling adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Association of meal timing with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults.European journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Associations of Meal Timing and Temporal Eating Patterns with Cardiovascular Disease Among Chinese Older Adults.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Meal Timing Patterns and Associations with Fat Mass in Adolescents.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The diversity and consistency of what and when people eat.Nature metabolism · 2026Article
- The diversity and consistency of what and when people eat.Research square · 2025Article
- Chrononutrition behaviors in relation to diet quality and obesity: do dietary assessment methods and energy intake misreporting matter?Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- How exercise frequency affects BMI: a nationwide cross-sectional study exploring key influencing factors, including dietary behavior.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesExperimental studies of time-restricted eating suggest that limiting the daily eating window, shifting intake to the biological morning, and avoiding eating close to the biological night may promote metabolic health and prevent weight gain. SUBJECTS/
methodsWe used the Eating & Health Module of the 2006-2008 and 2014-2016 American Time Use Survey to examine cross-sectional associations of timing of eating in relation to sleep/wake times as a proxy for circadian timing with body mass index (BMI). The analytical sample included 38 302 respondents (18-64 years; BMI 18.5-50.0 kg/m
resultsA one-hour increase in eating window was associated with lower adjusted prevalence of obesity (AP = 27.1%, SE = 0.1%). Conversely, a one-hour increase in morning fast (AP = 28.7%, SE = 0.1%) and evening fast (AP = 28.5%, SE = 0.1%) were each associated with higher prevalence of obesity; interactions revealed differing patterns of association by combination of eating window with morning/evening fast (p < 0.0001).
conclusionsContrary to hypotheses, longer eating windows were associated with a lower adjusted prevalence of obesity and longer evening fasts were associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. However, as expected, longer morning fast was associated with a higher adjusted prevalence of obesity. Studies are needed to disentangle the contributions of diet quality/quantity and social desirability bias in the relationship between circadian timing of eating and BMI.
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