SynthesisTranslational psychiatry2021
Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women.
Synthesis in Translational psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT07501728 (Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Women Receiving Combined Spinal-Epidural Labor Analgesia), which is not on this map. Cited by 408 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Women Receiving Combined Spinal-Epidural Labor Analgesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
408 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 627 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unravelling the biological nexus of smoking and postpartum depression: a meta-analysis and functional genomics approach.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal exposure to nicotine and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of music on breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of breast milk production, composition, and maternal stress.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Pooled it
- The association of psycho-economic factors with postpartum depression without significant medical complications for the mother and infant: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of postpartum depression in the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative effectiveness and certainty of exercise-based interventions for postpartum depressive symptoms: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of telecounseling on depressive symptoms in primiparous women during the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The perceived influence of fathers' and non-gestational parents' experiences of postnatal depression on their relationship with their child and partner: a systematic review of qualitative studies and meta-synthesis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Fish Consumption and the Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Postnatal Depression Beyond 12 Months: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of mental health nursing · 2025Pooled it
- enDigital Postpartum Support for Early Risk Identification Among Postpartum Women: Formative Randomized Evaluation and Exploratory Predictive Modeling Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of a health literacy-based digital intervention to promote postpartum recovery and self-care.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Moderators, mediators, and components of a standalone smartphone application for postpartum depression: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Trial
- [Effect of Vimala infant massage on mothers with postpartum depression].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Trial
- Economic evaluation of Learning Through Play Plus in comparison to usual care for depressed mothers alongside a randomised controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2026Trial
- Effects of Intraoperative Esketamine-Dexmedetomidine Combination on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Neuropsychiatric Events Following Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Esketamine as an opioid-sparing adjuvant for epidural labour analgesia: a randomised, double-blind trial evaluating postpartum depression.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Perceived Stress and Early Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in Women with Recent GDM: Implications for Postpartum Lifestyle Programs.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Trial
- Preventing postpartum depression in pregnant women using an app-based health-promoting behaviors program (Pender's health promotion model): a randomized Controlled Trial.BMC psychology · 2025Trial
- A group psychological intervention for postnatal depression in British mothers of South Asian origin - the ROSHNI-2 RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Trial
348 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychological condition following childbirth, and may have a detrimental effect on the social and cognitive health of spouses, infants, and children. The aim of this study was to complete a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the global epidemiology of PPD. A total of 565 studies from 80 different countries or regions were included in the final analysis. Postpartum depression was found in 17.22% (95% CI 16.00-18.51) of the world's population. Meta-regression analysis showed that study size, country or region development, and country or region income were the causes of heterogeneity. Multivariable meta-regression analysis found that study size and country or area development were the most important predictors. Varied prevalence rates were noted in geographic regions with the highest rate found in Southern Africa (39.96%). Of interested was a significantly lower rate of PPD in developed countries or high-income countries or areas. Furthermore, the findings showed that there was a substantial difference in rates of PPD when marital status, educational level, social support, spouse care, violence, gestational age, breast feeding, child mortality, pregnancy plan, financial difficulties, partnership, life stress, smoking, alcohol intake, and living conditions were considered in the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that one out of every five women experiences PPD which is linked to income and geographic development. It is triggered by a variety of causes that necessitate the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and the general population.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.