ArticleJournal of clinical immunology2021
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Induced Atypical Immune Responses in Antibody Defects: Everybody Does their Best.
Article in Journal of clinical immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19-related health outcomes in people with primary immunodeficiency: A systematic review.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Pooled it
- Elevated CD21Journal of clinical immunology · 2022Trial
- Three Doses and Six Months Later: Real-World SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children With Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Observational
- Allergic Diseases in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Allergy Biomarkers of Clinical Phenotypes.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Outcomes and Risk Factors for Hospitalization in Adult Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2026Article
- Impact of immunodeficiencies on immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, and their combination in children and young adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Secondary antibody deficiencies: what's around the corner?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Follow-up of immune response in patients with common variable immunodeficiency following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- An Overview of the Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Lack of Specific Immune Response after Five Doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in a Patient with CD4Vaccines · 2024Article
- Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines up to 6 months post three-dose primary series in adults with inborn errors of immunity and their breakthrough infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- Impact of Exposure to Vaccination and Infection on Cellular and Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 in CVID Patients Through COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiencies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Review
- T Cell Abnormalities in X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia: an Updated Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Review
- Impaired B Cell Recall Memory and Reduced Antibody Avidity but Robust T Cell Response in CVID Patients After COVID-19 Vaccination.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 requires IFN-γ-driven cellular immune response.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Cytokine Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Stimulation in Patients with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies.Viruses · 2023Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Review
- Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to the Neoantigen RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency and Healthy Donors.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundData on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies (PAD) are limited to infected patients and to heterogeneous cohorts after immunization.
methodsForty-one patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiencies (CVID), six patients with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and 28 healthy age-matched controls (HD) were analyzed for anti-Spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody production, generation of Spike-specific memory B-cells, and Spike-specific T-cells before vaccination and one week after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine.
resultsThe vaccine induced Spike-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in all HD and in 20% of SARS-CoV-2 naive CVID patients. Anti-Spike IgG were detectable before vaccination in 4 out 7 CVID previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and were boosted in six out of seven patients by the subsequent immunization raising higher levels than patients naïve to infection. While HD generated Spike-specific memory B-cells, and RBD-specific B-cells, CVID generated Spike-specific atypical B-cells, while RBD-specific B-cells were undetectable in all patients, indicating the incapability to generate this new specificity. Specific T-cell responses were evident in all HD and defective in 30% of CVID. All but one patient with XLA responded by specific T-cell only.
conclusionIn PAD patients, early atypical immune responses after BNT162b2 immunization occurred, possibly by extra-follicular or incomplete germinal center reactions. If these responses to vaccination might result in a partial protection from infection or reinfection is now unknown. Our data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection more effectively primes the immune response than the immunization alone, possibly suggesting the need for a third vaccine dose for patients not previously infected.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.