ReviewCureus2021
Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A 2021 Update on Diagnosis, Management, and Current Challenges.
Review in Cureus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06581029 (Evaluating Mental Health Challenges in Juvenile Lupus Erythematosus and Their Caregivers), which is not on this map. Cited by 78 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating Mental Health Challenges in Juvenile Lupus Erythematosus and Their Caregivers
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosis in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Lupus · 2026Pooled it
- A multidimensional analysis of neuropsychiatric lupus: clinical, biological and imaging insights from systematic evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The association between systemic lupus erythematosus and cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- From empirical treatment to precision intervention: a multi-database bibliometric analysis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (2006-2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Perfusion-weighted MRI patterns in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of systemic lupus erythematosus on the brain: a systematic review of structural MRI findings and their relationships with cognitive dysfunction.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Influence of sex and systemic lupus erythematosus disease status on cerebral cortex structure.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Trial
- Hydrocephalus and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage as the Initial Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- The theory of the inflammatory ecosystem.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- AI-Driven Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Discussions on Social Media: Cross-Platform Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Cerebellar ataxia in the Philippines: a scoping review of reported cases and practical approach.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Rare Pediatric Male Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Following Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Detection of white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus based on multiple diffusion models and related diffusion metrics.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The current state of systemic lupus erythematosus care in the Philippines: a narrative review.Journal of rheumatic diseases · 2026Review
- Article
- Intrathecal injection of rituximab inhibits microglial M1 polarisation to alleviate neuropsychiatric SLE symptoms via the cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling pathway.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Patients with recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus use more antidepressant medication than matched controls: A case-control study.Medicine · 2026Observational
- IFNγ-associated immune-metabolic remodeling is linked to serotonin-kynurenine imbalance and cortical vulnerability in lupus-prone mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Acute Psychosis as the Sole Initial Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Diagnostic Challenge.Cureus · 2026Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience neuropsychiatric symptoms. The term neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) is a generic term that refers to a series of neurological and psychiatric symptoms directly related to SLE. In approximately 30% of patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms, SLE is the primary cause (NPSLE), and symptoms manifest more frequently around SLE onset. Neurovascular and psychotic conditions can also lead to NPSLE. Pathogenesis of NPSLE is implicated in both neuroinflammatory and ischemic mechanisms, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. After diagnosing and assigning causality, NPSLE treatment is individualized according to the type of neuropsychiatric manifestations, type of the predominant pathway, activity of SLE, and severity of the clinical manifestations. There are many problems to be addressed with regards to the diagnosis and management of NPSLE. Controlled clinical trials provide limited guidance for management, and observational cohort studies support symptomatic, antithrombotic, and immunosuppressive agents. The purpose of this review was to provide a detailed and critical review of the literature on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of NPSLE. This study aimed to identify the shortcoming in diagnostic biomarkers, novel therapies against NPSLE, and additional research needs.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.