Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34667170›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

Friction modulation in limbless, three-dimensional gaits and heterogeneous terrains.

Xiaotian Zhang, Noel Naughton, Tejaswin Parthasarathy, Mattia Gazzola

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
0.6field-weighted citation impact, top 40% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Stochastic Entanglement of Deterministic Origami Tentacles For Robust Robotic Grasping.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Hierarchical Artificial Muscle with Nonlinear Elasticity for Antagonistic and Cyclic Robotics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Aubry-André localization transition for an active undulator.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  5. Form and function in biological filaments: a physicist's review.Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2025
    Review
  6. Topology, dynamics, and control of a muscle-architected soft arm.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  7. On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Xiaotian ZhangDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chmpaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Noel NaughtonDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chmpaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5553-4718
Tejaswin ParthasarathyDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chmpaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Mattia GazzolaDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chmpaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mgazzola@illinois.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-2129-379X
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Motivated by a possible convergence of terrestrial limbless locomotion strategies ultimately determined by interfacial effects, we show how both 3D gait alterations and locomotory adaptations to heterogeneous terrains can be understood through the lens of local friction modulation. Via an effective-friction modeling approach, compounded by 3D simulations, the emergence and disappearance of a range of locomotory behaviors observed in nature is systematically explained in relation to inhabited environments. Our approach also simplifies the treatment of terrain heterogeneity, whereby even solid obstacles may be seen as high friction regions, which we confirm against experiments of snakes 'diffracting' while traversing rows of posts, similar to optical waves. We further this optic analogy by illustrating snake refraction, reflection and lens focusing. We use these insights to engineer surface friction patterns and demonstrate passive snake navigation in complex topographies. Overall, our study outlines a unified view that connects active and passive 3D mechanics with heterogeneous interfacial effects to explain a broad set of biological observations, and potentially inspire engineering design.

Indexed as

AnimalsBehavior, AnimalBiomechanical PhenomenaFrictionGaitLensesLocomotionSnakes

Identifiers

PMID34667170
PMCPMC8526626
OpenAlexW3172973275

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.