ArticleBMJ open2021
Prevalence of strabismus among preschool children in eastern China and comparison at a 5-year interval: a population-based cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Perceptual Learning Based on Adaptive Contrast Detection Training for Intermittent Exotropia: A Pilot Double-Masked Randomized Controlled Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Trial
- Clinical Outcomes of Individualized Office-Based Vision Therapy for Intermittent Exotropia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Early postoperative alignment as a predictor of recurrence after unilateral recession-plication for basic-type intermittent exotropia in children.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a Novel Autostereoscopic Three-Dimensional System for Binocular Visual Function: A Comparative Validation Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Motor Skill Deficits and Associated Factors in Childhood Intermittent Exotropia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The impact of surgical intervention on the psychosocial health and quality of life of children with strabismus.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Sex as a biological variable in amblyopia: implications for developmental plasticity and treatment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Clinical factors associated with impaired near stereoacuity in children and adolescents with intermittent exotropia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- A bibliometric analysis of publication trends in strabismus over the past 30y.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- A Latent Profile Analysis of Psychological Adaptation Among Caregivers of Children with Strabismus: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Prevalence of heterophoria, tropia, and near point of convergence abnormality in a high school student population in Erbil city center.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Quantitative Assessment of Strabismus Using Cloud AI Computing: Validation Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Analysis of Strabismus Surgical Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of 2269 Cases from a Single Center.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Whole-exome sequencing uncovers the genetic basis of hereditary concomitant exotropia in ten Chinese pedigrees.BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- Prevalence of strabismus among school going children in India.Bioinformation · 2025Article
- A Stratified Surgical Approach for Convergence Insufficiency-Type Exotropia Based on Near Deviation Magnitude: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Motor and Sensory Outcomes.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2025Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo update data on strabismus and evaluate the changes in prevalence and patterns among preschoolers in eastern China over a period of 5 years.
designNanjing Eye Study, a longitudinal population-based study.
settingRecruitment and testing in kindergartens in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing.
participants2300 eligible children.
main outcome measuresComprehensive ocular examinations were conducted in 1986 children aged 48-<60 months in Nanjing Eye Study (NES, 2016-2017), including visual acuity, ocular alignment, refractive error and ocular structures evaluation. The prevalence rate and pattern of strabismus were calculated and compared with those from the Nanjing Pediatric Vision Project (NPVP, 2011-2012) in children of the same age, of the same area and using the same diagnostic criteria.
resultsThe overall prevalence rate of strabismus in NES was 5.56% (95% CI 4.54% to 6.57%), which was not significantly different from that in NPVP (4.99%, 95% CI 4.13% to 5.84%, p=0.40). The prevalence of subtypes of strabismus underwent significant changes, with significant increase in intermittent exotropia (IXT) in NES (2.78% vs 4.69%, p=0.001) and significant decrease in constant exotropia (1.17% vs 0.15%, p<0.001). Significant change in pattern was observed in IXT, where the proportion of the convergence insufficiency type (2.90% vs 27.17%) increased and exceeded the divergence excess type (20.29% vs 11.96%) to be the second common type (p<0.001).
conclusionThe prevalence of strabismus appeared stable in children aged 48-<60 months in eastern China at a 5-year interval. The prevalence of IXT increased significantly, and the convergence insufficiency type became more prevalent in patients with IXT. Timely detection and intervention of IXT are important among preschoolers.
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