ArticleJournal of the Royal Society, Interface2021
Flight efficiency is a key to diverse wing morphologies in small insects.
Article in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Deep learning reveals ecological decoupling and rate heterogeneity in Hymenoptera wing evolution.Science advances · 2026Article
- Body size, wing area, and wing loading follow a pattern of trait conservatism inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Swimming in the Air: The Power of Drag at Miniature Scales.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Article
- Evolutionary constraints shape the diversity of microinsects' wing morphology.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- From propulsion to suction: Unraveling thrust reversal in propellers at intermediate Reynolds numbers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Morphological constraints in hymenopteran forewings limit flight efficiency optimization.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Olfactory performance explains duality of antennal architectural designs in Lepidoptera.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Fluid-structure interactions of bristled wings: the trade-off between weight and drag.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Article
- Flow development and leading edge vorticity in bristled insect wings.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2023Article
- Aerodynamics and three-dimensional effect of a translating bristled wing at low Reynolds numbers.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Flight efficiency is a key to diverse wing morphologies in small insects.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insect wings are hybrid structures that are typically composed of veins and solid membranes. In some of the smallest flying insects, however, the wing membrane is replaced by hair-like bristles attached to a solid root. Bristles and membranous wing surfaces coexist in small but not in large insect species. There is no satisfying explanation for this finding as aerodynamic force production is always smaller in bristled than solid wings. This computational study suggests that the diversity of wing structure in small insects results from aerodynamic efficiency rather than from the requirements to produce elevated forces for flight. The tested wings vary from fully membranous to sparsely bristled and were flapped around a wing root with lift- and drag-based wing kinematic patterns and at different Reynolds numbers (
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