ArticleJCI insight2021
Airway antibodies emerge according to COVID-19 severity and wane rapidly but reappear after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06401720 (Respiratory Immune Responses in Human Influenza Virus Infection Across Age to Understand What Dictates Disease Severity), which is not on this map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Respiratory Immune Responses in Human Influenza Virus Infection Across Age to Understand What Dictates Disease Severity
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of B-cell reconstitution on mRNA vaccine responses in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Rapid decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific salivary IgA antibody levels in people with hybrid immunity-data from the STOPCoV study.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Article
- Coordinated early immune response in the lungs is required for effective control of SARS-CoV-2 replication.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptoms by Immunity Status and Predominant-Variant Period Among US Blood Donors.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Association of infection-induced antibody levels with risk of subsequent SARS-COV-2 reinfection among healthcare professionals, Rhode Island, 1 March 2020-17 February 2021.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Lung-resident SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific immune responses in perfused 3D human lung explant models.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Decreased levels and function of dendritic cells in blood and airways predict COVID-19 severity.Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Impaired mucosal IgA response in patients with severe COVID-19.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster vaccination elicits limited mucosal immunity.Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- Impaired immune responses in the airways are associated with poor outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Article
- Modulation of innate immune response to mRNA vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection or sequential vaccination in humans.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Three immunizations with Novavax's protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Intramuscular vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 transiently induces neutralizing IgG rather than IgA in the saliva.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Comparison of Levels of Nasal, Salivary, and Plasma Antibody to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During Natural Infection and After Vaccination.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Delayed generation of functional virus-specific circulating T follicular helper cells correlates with severe COVID-19.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Respiratory and systemic monocytes, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: Implications for disease severity.Journal of internal medicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding the presence and durability of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the airways is required to provide insights into the ability of individuals to neutralize the virus locally and prevent viral spread. Here, we longitudinally assessed both systemic and airway immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 147 infected individuals representing the full spectrum of COVID-19 severity, from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. In addition, we evaluated how SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influenced the antibody responses in a subset of these individuals during convalescence as compared with naive individuals. Not only systemic but also airway antibody responses correlated with the degree of COVID-19 disease severity. However, although systemic IgG levels were durable for up to 8 months, airway IgG and IgA declined significantly within 3 months. After vaccination, there was an increase in both systemic and airway antibodies, in particular IgG, often exceeding the levels found during acute disease. In contrast, naive individuals showed low airway antibodies after vaccination. In the former COVID-19 patients, airway antibody levels were significantly elevated after the boost vaccination, highlighting the importance of prime and boost vaccinations for previously infected individuals to obtain optimal mucosal protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.