ArticleEuropean journal of endocrinology2021
The natural history of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in autoimmune Addison's disease.
Article in European journal of endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health-related quality of life and patterns of psychological vulnerability in autoimmune Addison's disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Primary adrenal insufficiency induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): a case series and systematic literature review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- The roles, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications of glucocorticoids in glucose and lipid metabolism.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Adrenal and Cardiovascular Endocrinology.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Aire Mutations and Autoimmune Diseases.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Regulatory T cells in autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Rare copy number variation in autoimmune Addison's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- A 20-year study of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II and III in Taiwan.European thyroid journal · 2023Article
- New-onset primary adrenal insufficiency in pregnancy associated with a unilateral adrenal infarction: a case report.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Etiology, clinical characteristics and mortality among Indian patients with Addison's disease.Endocrine connections · 2023Article
- Autoantibodies involved in primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Immuno-oncology technology · 2023Review
- Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency -current diagnostic approaches and future perspectives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Heterogeneous natural history of Addison's disease: mineralocorticoid deficiency may predominate.Endocrine connections · 2023Article
- Premature menopause and autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency in two international multi-center cohorts.Endocrine connections · 2022Article
- B Cells and Autoantibodies in AIRE Deficiency.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in Women With Addison's Disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe most common cause of primary adrenal failure (Addison's disease) in the Western world is autoimmunity characterized by autoantibodies against the steroidogenic enzyme 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2, 21OH). Detection of 21OH-autoantibodies is currently used for aetiological diagnosis, but how levels of 21OH-autoantibodies vary over time is not known.
settingSamples from the national Norwegian Addison's Registry and Biobank established in 1996 (n = 711). Multi-parameter modelling of the course of 21OH-autoantibody indices over time.
results21OH-autoantibody positivity is remarkably stable, and >90% of the patients are still positive 30 years after diagnosis. Even though the antibody levels decline with disease duration, it is only rarely that this downturn reaches negativity. 21OH-autoantibody indices are affected by age at diagnosis, sex, type of Addison's disease (isolated vs autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I or II) and HLA genotype.
conclusion21OH-autoantibodies are reliable and robust markers for autoimmune Addison's disease, linked to HLA risk genotype. However, a negative test in patients with long disease duration does not exclude autoimmune aetiology.
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