ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2022
The Path Towards Progress: A Critical Review to Advance the Science of the Female and Male Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 2: Clinical Guidelines for Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return to Play for Adolescents and Adults.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Guideline
- Long-term endurance running training and testosterone daily variation in ageing men; a comparative cross-sectional study.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and Body Composition.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Energy availability as an integrative framework: reinterpreting the energy balance and carbohydrate-insulin models in athletes.Physical activity and nutrition · 2026Article
- Coupling mechanisms between energy compensation and metabolic adaptation during high-intensity training in athletes: a longitudinal study based on multi-omics and individualized energy modeling.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- 2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 1: State of the Science and Introduction of a New Adolescent Model.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Prevalence of physically active females at risk for the female athlete triad in Spain.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Energy expenditure, intake and availability in female soccer players via doubly labelled water: Are we misrepresenting low energy availability?Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Examination of Energy Needs and Low Energy Availability Among Historically Black College and University Female Student-Athletes.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Does Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Syndrome Exist?Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- Article
- The Influence of Energy Balance and Availability on Resting Metabolic Rate: Implications for Assessment and Future Research Directions.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Measurement of Energy Intake Using the Principle of Energy Balance Overcomes a Critical Limitation in the Assessment of Energy Availability.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Editorial: Integrative exercise endocrinology.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Insights in the Effect of Fluctuating Female Hormones on Injury Risk-Challenge and Chance.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Energy status plays a key role in the health of athletes and exercising individuals. Energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA), referring to a state in which insufficient energy intake and/or excessive exercise energy expenditure has resulted in compensatory metabolic adaptations to conserve fuel, can affect numerous physiological systems in women and men. The Female Athlete Triad, Male Athlete Triad, and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) models conceptualize the effects of energy deficiency in athletes, and each model has strengths and limitations. For instance, the Female Athlete Triad model depicts relationships between low EA, reproductive, and bone health, underpinning decades of experimental evidence, but may be perceived as limited in scope, while the more recent RED-S model proposes a wider range of potential health effects of low EA, though many model components require more robust scientific justification. This critical review summarizes current evidence regarding the effects of energy deficiency on athlete health by addressing the quality of the underlying science, the strengths and limitations of each model, and highlighting areas where future research is needed to advance the field. With the health and wellness of athletes and exercising individuals as the overarching priority, we conclude with specific steps that will help focus future research on the Female and Male Athlete Triad and RED-S, and encourage all researchers, clinicians, and practitioners to collaborate to support the common goal of promoting the highest quality science and evidence-based medicine in pursuit of the advancement of athletes' health, well-being, and performance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.