ArticleScience translational medicine2021
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines drive differential antibody Fc-functional profiles in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- The dose- and time-dependent effectiveness and safety associated with COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review of the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating individuals and their infants.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination on Lactating Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Improved VSV-Ebola-GP booster vaccination approach promotes antibody affinity maturation and durable anti-Ebola immunity in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Trial
- Humoral pregnancy analyses reveal strategies for fetal protection and aberrancy in miscarriage.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Maternal Antibody Interference and Hybrid Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Young Children.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal vaccination timing shapes the composition and maturation of antibody clonotypes transferred to the newborn.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Self-amplifying COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induces longitudinally enhanced antibody function in a Phase 3 trial.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of immune responses to Tdap booster during pregnancy in women who received whole cell or acellular pertussis vaccines during childhood.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and memory B-cell potency induced by an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Vaccination in pregnancy to protect the newborn.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Pregnancy reduces COVID-19 vaccine immunity against novel variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Patterns and functional consequences of antibody speciation in maternal-fetal transfer of coronavirus-specific humoral immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Enhanced placental antibody transfer efficiency with longer interval between maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and birth.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Article
- Dynamic Changes in Antibodies and Proteome in Breast Milk of Mothers Infected with Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron: A Longitudinal Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Substantial immunological changes occur throughout pregnancy to render the mother immunologically tolerant to the fetus and allow fetal growth. However, additional local and systemic immunological adaptations also occur, allowing the maternal immune system to continue to protect the dyad against pathogens both during pregnancy and after birth through lactation. This fine balance of tolerance and immunity, along with physiological and hormonal changes, contributes to increased susceptibility to particular infections in pregnancy, including more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether these changes also make pregnant women less responsive to vaccination or induce altered immune responses to vaccination remains incompletely understood. To define potential changes in vaccine response during pregnancy and lactation, we undertook deep sequencing of the humoral vaccine response in a group of pregnant and lactating women and nonpregnant age-matched controls. Vaccine-specific titers were comparable between pregnant women, lactating women, and nonpregnant controls. However, Fc receptor (FcR) binding and antibody effector functions were induced with delayed kinetics in both pregnant and lactating women compared with nonpregnant women after the first vaccine dose, which normalized after the second dose. Vaccine boosting resulted in high FcR-binding titers in breastmilk. These data suggest that pregnancy promotes resistance to generating proinflammatory antibodies and indicates that there is a critical need to follow prime-boost timelines in this vulnerable population to ensure full immunity is attained.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.